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range. Additionally, these broadcasts can be received
by Ground Based Transceivers (GBTs) and used to
provide surveillance services, along with fleet
operator monitoring of aircraft. No ground infrastructure
is necessary for ADS-B equipped aircraft to
detect each other.
2. In the U.S., two different data links have been
adopted for use with ADS-B: 1090 MHz Extended
Squitter (1090 ES) and the Universal Access
Transceiver (UAT). The 1090 ES link is intended for
aircraft that primarily operate at FL 180 and above,
whereas the UAT link is intended for use by aircraft
that primarily operate at 18,000 feet and below. From
a pilot's standpoint, the two links operate similarly
and support ADS-B and Traffic Information
Service-Broadcast (TIS-B), see paragraph 4-5-8.
The UAT link additionally supports Flight
Information Services-Broadcast (FIS-B), subparagraph
7-1-11d.
2/14/08 AIM
Surveillance Systems 4-5-15
FIG 4-5-7
ADS-B, TIS-B, and FIS-B:
Broadcast Services Architecture
b. ADS-B Certification and Performance
Requirements
ADS-B equipment may be certified as an air-to-air
system for enhancing situational awareness and as a
surveillance source for air traffic services. Refer to
the aircraft's flight manual supplement for the
specific aircraft installation.
c. ADS-B Capabilities
1. ADS-B enables improved surveillance services,
both air-to-air and air-to-ground, especially
in areas where radar is ineffective due to terrain or
where it is impractical or cost prohibitive. Initial NAS
applications of air-to-air ADS-B are for “advisory,”
use only, enhancing a pilot's visual acquisition of
other nearby equipped aircraft either when airborne
or on the airport surface. Additionally, ADS-B will
enable ATC and fleet operators to monitor aircraft
throughout the available ground station coverage
area. Other applications of ADS-B may include
enhanced search and rescue operations and advanced
air-to-air applications such as spacing, sequencing,
and merging.
2. ADS-B avionics typically allow pilots to
enter the aircraft's call sign and Air Traffic Control
(ATC)-assigned transponder code, which will be
transmitted to other aircraft and ground receivers.
Pilots are cautioned to use care when selecting and
entering the aircraft's identification and transponder
code. Some ADS-B avionics panels are not
interconnected to the transponder. Therefore, it is
extremely important to ensure that the transponder
code is identical in the ADS-B and transponder
panel. Additionally, UAT systems provide a VFR
“privacy” mode switch position that may be used by
pilots when not wanting to receive air traffic services.
This feature will broadcast a “VFR” ID to other
aircraft and ground receivers, similar to the “1200”
transponder code.
3. ADS-B is intended to be used in-flight and
on the airport surface. ADS-B systems should be
turned “on” -- and remain “on” -- whenever
operating in the air and on the airport surface, thus
reducing the likelihood of runway incursions. Civil
and military Mode A/C transponders and ADS-B
systems should be adjusted to the “on” or normal
operating position as soon as practical, unless the
AIM 2/14/08
4-5-16 Surveillance Systems
change to “standby” has been accomplished
previously at the request of ATC. Mode S
transponders should be left on whenever power is
applied to the aircraft.
d. ATC Surveillance Services using ADS-B -
Procedures and Recommended Phraseology -
ForUse In Alaska Only
Radar procedures, with the exceptions found in this
paragraph, are identical to those procedures prescribed
for radar in AIM Chapter 4 and Chapter 5.
1. Preflight:
If a request for ATC services is predicated on ADS-B
and such services are anticipated when either a VFR
or IFR flight plan is filed, the aircraft's “N” number
or call-sign as filed in “Block 2” of the Flight Plan
shall be entered in the ADS-B avionics as the
aircraft's flight ID.
2. Inflight:
When requesting ADS-B services while airborne,
pilots should ensure that their ADS-B equipment is
transmitting their aircraft's “N” number or call sign
prior to contacting ATC. To accomplish this, the pilot
must select the ADS-B “broadcast flight ID”
function.
NOTEThe
broadcast “VFR” or “Standby” mode built into some
ADS-B systems will not provide ATC with the appropriate
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