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sector when practicable, and ask for instructions.
However, when the next normal frequency change
along the route is known to involve another ATC
facility, the pilot should contact that facility, if
feasible, for instructions. If communications cannot
be reestablished by either method, the pilot is
expected to request communications instructions
from the FSS appropriate to the route of flight.
2/14/08 AIM
En Route Procedures 5-3-3
NOTEThe
exchange of information between an aircraft and an
ARTCC through an FSS is quicker than relay via company
radio because the FSS has direct interphone lines to the
responsible ARTCC sector. Accordingly, when circumstances
dictate a choice between the two, during an
ARTCC frequency outage, relay via FSS radio is
recommended.
5-3-2. Position Reporting
The safety and effectiveness of traffic control
depends to a large extent on accurate position
reporting. In order to provide the proper separation
and expedite aircraft movements, ATC must be able
to make accurate estimates of the progress of every
aircraft operating on an IFR flight plan.
a. Position Identification.
1. When a position report is to be made passing
a VOR radio facility, the time reported should be the
time at which the first complete reversal of the
“to/from” indicator is accomplished.
2. When a position report is made passing a
facility by means of an airborne ADF, the time
reported should be the time at which the indicator
makes a complete reversal.
3. When an aural or a light panel indication is
used to determine the time passing a reporting point,
such as a fan marker, Z marker, cone of silence or
intersection of range courses, the time should be
noted when the signal is first received and again when
it ceases. The mean of these two times should then be
taken as the actual time over the fix.
4. If a position is given with respect to distance
and direction from a reporting point, the distance and
direction should be computed as accurately as
possible.
5. Except for terminal area transition purposes,
position reports or navigation with reference to aids
not established for use in the structure in which flight
is being conducted will not normally be required by
ATC.
b. Position Reporting Points. CFRs require
pilots to maintain a listening watch on the appropriate
frequency and, unless operating under the provisions
of subparagraph c, to furnish position reports passing
certain reporting points. Reporting points are
indicated by symbols on en route charts. The
designated compulsory reporting point symbol is a
solid triangle and the “on request” reporting
point symbol is the open triangle . Reports
passing an “on request” reporting point are only
necessary when requested by ATC.
c. Position Reporting Requirements.
1. Flights along airways or routes. A position
report is required by all flights regardless of altitude,
including those operating in accordance with an ATC
clearance specifying “VFR-on-top,” over each
designated compulsory reporting point along the
route being flown.
2. Flights Along a Direct Route. Regardless
of the altitude or flight level being flown, including
flights operating in accordance with an ATC
clearance specifying “VFR-on-top,” pilots shall
report over each reporting point used in the flight plan
to define the route of flight.
3. Flights in a Radar Environment. When
informed by ATC that their aircraft are in “Radar
Contact,” pilots should discontinue position reports
over designated reporting points. They should
resume normal position reporting when ATC advises
“RADAR CONTACT LOST” or “RADAR SERVICE
TERMINATED.”
NOTEATC
will inform pilots that they are in “radar contact”:
(a) when their aircraft is initially identified in the ATC
system; and
(b) when radar identification is reestablished after
radar service has been terminated or radar contact lost.
Subsequent to being advised that the controller has
established radar contact, this fact will not be repeated to
the pilot when handed off to another controller. At times,
the aircraft identity will be confirmed by the receiving
controller; however, this should not be construed to mean
that radar contact has been lost. The identity of
transponder equipped aircraft will be confirmed by asking
the pilot to “ident,” “squawk standby,” or to change codes.
Aircraft without transponders will be advised of their
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