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straight and level flight in conditions which permit
visual detection of other traffic should be broken at
intervals with appropriate clearing procedures to
provide effective visual scanning.
d. Traffic Pattern. Entries into traffic patterns
while descending create specific collision hazards
and should be avoided.
e. Traffic at VOR Sites. All operators should
emphasize the need for sustained vigilance in the
vicinity of VORs and airway intersections due to the
convergence of traffic.
f. Training Operations. Operators of pilot training
programs are urged to adopt the following
practices:
1. Pilots undergoing flight instruction at all
levels should be requested to verbalize clearing
procedures (call out “clear” left, right, above, or
below) to instill and sustain the habit of vigilance
during maneuvering.
2. High‐wing airplane. Momentarily raise the
wing in the direction of the intended turn and look.
3. Low‐wing airplane. Momentarily lower the
wing in the direction of the intended turn and look.
4. Appropriate clearing procedures should
precede the execution of all turns including
chandelles, lazy eights, stalls, slow flight, climbs,
straight and level, spins, and other combination
maneuvers.
4-4-16. Traffic Alert and Collision
Avoidance System (TCAS I & II)
a. TCAS I provides proximity warning only, to
assist the pilot in the visual acquisition of intruder
aircraft. No recommended avoidance maneuvers are
provided nor authorized as a direct result of a TCASI
warning. It is intended for use by smaller commuter
aircraft holding 10 to 30 passenger seats, and general
aviation aircraft.
b. TCAS II provides traffic advisories (TAs) and
resolution advisories (RAs). Resolution advisories
provide recommended maneuvers in a vertical
direction (climb or descend only) to avoid conflicting
traffic. Airline aircraft, and larger commuter and
business aircraft holding 31 passenger seats or more,
use TCAS II equipment.
1. Each pilot who deviates from an ATC
clearance in response to a TCAS II RA shall notify
ATC of that deviation as soon as practicable and
expeditiously return to the current ATC clearance
when the traffic conflict is resolved.
2. Deviations from rules, policies, or clearances
should be kept to the minimum necessary to satisfy a
TCAS II RA.
3. The serving IFR air traffic facility is not
responsible to provide approved standard IFR
separation to an aircraft after a TCAS II RA maneuver
until one of the following conditions exists:
(a) The aircraft has returned to its assigned
altitude and course.
(b) Alternate ATC instructions have been
issued.
c. TCAS does not alter or diminish the pilot's basic
authority and responsibility to ensure safe flight.
Since TCAS does not respond to aircraft which are
not transponder equipped or aircraft with a
transponder failure, TCAS alone does not ensure safe
separation in every case.
d. At this time, no air traffic service nor handling
is predicated on the availability of TCAS equipment
in the aircraft.
2/14/08 AIM
ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation 4-4-11
4-4-17. Traffic Information Service (TIS)
a. TIS provides proximity warning only, to assist
the pilot in the visual acquisition of intruder aircraft.
No recommended avoidance maneuvers are provided
nor authorized as a direct result of a TIS intruder
display or TIS alert. It is intended for use by aircraft
in which TCAS is not required.
b. TIS does not alter or diminish the pilot's basic
authority and responsibility to ensure safe flight.
Since TIS does not respond to aircraft which are not
transponder equipped, aircraft with a transponder
failure, or aircraft out of radar coverage, TIS alone
does not ensure safe separation in every case.
c. At this time, no air traffic service nor handling
is predicated on the availability of TIS equipment in
the aircraft.
4-4-18. Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)
a. ADS-B (aircraft-to-aircraft) provides proximity
warning only to assist the pilot in the visual
acquisition of other aircraft. No recommended
avoidance maneuvers are provided nor authorized as
a direct result of an ADS-B display or an ADS-B
alert.
b. ADS-B does not alter or diminish the pilot's
basic authority and responsibility to ensure safe
flight. ADS-B only displays aircraft that are ADS-B
equipped; therefore, aircraft that are not ADS-B
equipped or aircraft that are experiencing an ADS-B
failure will not be displayed. ADS-B alone does not
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