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airspace before two‐way radio communications are
established.
NOTE-
1. If the controller responds to a radio call with, “(aircraft
callsign) standby,” radio communications have been
established and the pilot can enter the Class C airspace.
2. If workload or traffic conditions prevent immediate
provision of Class C services, the controller will inform the
pilot to remain outside the Class C airspace until
conditions permit the services to be provided.
3. It is important to understand that if the controller
responds to the initial radio call without using the aircraft
identification, radio communications have not been
established and the pilot may not enter the Class C
airspace.
4. Though not requiring regulatory action, Class C
airspace areas have a procedural Outer Area. Normally
this area is 20 NM from the primary Class C airspace
airport. Its vertical limit extends from the lower limits of
radio/radar coverage up to the ceiling of the approach
control's delegated airspace, excluding the Class C
airspace itself, and other airspace as appropriate. (This
outer area is not charted.)
5. Pilots approaching an airport with Class C service
should be aware that if they descend below the base altitude
of the 5 to 10 mile shelf during an instrument or visual
approach, they may encounter nontransponder, VFR
aircraft.
EXAMPLE-
1. [Aircraft callsign] “remain outside the Class Charlie
airspace and standby.”
2. “Aircraft calling Dulles approach control, standby.”
4. Departures from:
(a) A primary or satellite airport with an
operating control tower. Two‐way radio communications
must be established and maintained with the
control tower, and thereafter as instructed by ATC
while operating in Class C airspace.
(b) A satellite airport without an operating
control tower. Two‐way radio communications must
be established as soon as practicable after departing
with the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the
Class C airspace.
5. Aircraft Speed. Unless otherwise authorized
or required by ATC, no person may operate an
aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface
within 4 nautical miles of the primary airport of a
Class C airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more
than 200 knots (230 mph).
d. Air Traffic Services. When two‐way radio
communications and radar contact are established, all
participating VFR aircraft are:
1. Sequenced to the primary airport.
2. Provided Class C services within the Class C
airspace and the outer area.
3. Provided basic radar services beyond the
outer area on a workload permitting basis. This can be
terminated by the controller if workload dictates.
e. Aircraft Separation. Separation is provided
within the Class C airspace and the outer area after
two‐way radio communications and radar contact are
established. VFR aircraft are separated from IFR
aircraft within the Class C airspace by any of the
following:
1. Visual separation.
2. 500 feet vertical; except when operating
beneath a heavy jet.
3. Target resolution.
NOTE-
1. Separation and sequencing of VFR aircraft will be
suspended in the event of a radar outage as this service is
dependent on radar. The pilot will be advised that the
service is not available and issued wind, runway
information and the time or place to contact the tower.
2. Separation of VFR aircraft will be suspended during
CENRAP operations. Traffic advisories and sequencing to
the primary airport will be provided on a workload
permitting basis. The pilot will be advised when CENRAP
is in use.
3. Pilot participation is voluntary within the outer area
and can be discontinued, within the outer area, at the pilot's
request. Class C services will be provided in the outer area
unless the pilot requests termination of the service.
4. Some facilities provide Class C services only during
published hours. At other times, terminal IFR radar service
will be provided. It is important to note that the
communications and transponder requirements are
dependent of the class of airspace established outside of the
published hours.
AIM 2/14/08
3-2-6 Controlled Airspace
f. Secondary Airports
1. In some locations Class C airspace may
overlie the Class D surface area of a secondary
airport. In order to allow that control tower to provide
service to aircraft, portions of the overlapping
ClassC airspace may be procedurally excluded when
the secondary airport tower is in operation. Aircraft
operating in these procedurally excluded areas will
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