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location for these signs.
2-3-13. Runway Distance Remaining Signs
Runway distance remaining signs have a black
background with a white numeral inscription and
may be installed along one or both side(s) of the
runway. The number on the signs indicates the
distance (in thousands of feet) of landing runway
remaining. The last sign, i.e., the sign with the
numeral “1,” will be located at least 950 feet from the
runway end. FIG 2-3-41 shows an example of a
runway distance remaining sign.
FIG 2-3-41
Runway Distance Remaining Sign Indicating
3,000 feet of Runway Remaining
3
AIM 2/14/08
2−3−30 Airport Marking Aids and Signs
2−3−14. Aircraft Arresting Systems
a. Certain airports are equipped with a means of
rapidly stopping military aircraft on a runway. This
equipment, normally referred to as EMERGENCY
ARRESTING GEAR, generally consists of pendant
cables supported over the runway surface by rubber
“donuts.” Although most devices are located in the
overrun areas, a few of these arresting systems have
cables stretched over the operational areas near the
ends of a runway.
b. Arresting cables which cross over a runway
require special markings on the runway to identify
the cable location. These markings consist of 10 feet
diameter solid circles painted “identification yellow,”
30 feet on center, perpendicular to the runway
centerline across the entire runway width. Additional
details are contained in AC 150/5220−9, Aircraft
Arresting Systems for Joint Civil/Military Airports.
NOTE−
Aircraft operations on the runway are not restricted by the
installation of aircraft arresting devices.
c. Engineered materials arresting systems
(EMAS). EMAS, which are constructed of high
energy−absorbing materials of selected strength, are
located in the safety area beyond the end of the
runway. They are designed to crush under the weight
of commercial aircraft and they exert deceleration
forces on the landing gear. These systems do not
affect the normal landing and takeoff of airplanes.
More information concerning EMAS is in FAA
Advisory Circular AC 150/5220−22, Engineered
Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS) for Aircraft
Overruns.
NOTE−
EMAS may be located as close as 35 feet beyond the end of
the runway. Aircraft should never taxi or drive across the
runway.
FIG 2−3−42
Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS)
A71I1M0.65R CHG 2 37//1315//078
2/14/08 AIM
General 3-1-1
Chapter 3. Airspace
Section 1. General
3-1-1. General
a. There are two categories of airspace or airspace
areas:
1. Regulatory (Class A, B, C, D and E airspace
areas, restricted and prohibited areas); and
2. Nonregulatory (military operations areas
(MOAs), warning areas, alert areas, and controlled
firing areas).
NOTEAdditional
information on special use airspace (prohibited
areas, restricted areas, warning areas, MOAs, alert areas
and controlled firing areas) may be found in Chapter 3,
Airspace, Section 4, Special Use Airspace, paragraphs
3-4-1 through 3-4-7.
b. Within these two categories, there are four
types:
1. Controlled,
2. Uncontrolled,
3. Special use, and
4. Other airspace.
c. The categories and types of airspace are dictated
by:
1. The complexity or density of aircraft
movements,
2. The nature of the operations conducted
within the airspace,
3. The level of safety required, and
4. The national and public interest.
d. It is important that pilots be familiar with the
operational requirements for each of the various types
or classes of airspace. Subsequent sections will cover
each class in sufficient detail to facilitate
understanding.
3-1-2. General Dimensions of Airspace
Segments
Refer to Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) for
specific dimensions, exceptions, geographical areas
covered, exclusions, specific transponder or equipment
requirements, and flight operations.
3-1-3. Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace
Designations
a. When overlapping airspace designations apply
to the same airspace, the operating rules associated
with the more restrictive airspace designation apply.
b. For the purpose of clarification:
1. Class A airspace is more restrictive than
ClassB, Class C, Class D, Class E, or Class G
airspace;
2. Class B airspace is more restrictive than
ClassC, Class D, Class E, or Class G airspace;
3. Class C airspace is more restrictive than
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