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b. Ground Visibility-The visibility at an aerodrome
as reported by an accredited observer.
c. Runway Visual Range [RVR]-The range over
which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of a
runway can see the runway surface markings or the
lights delineating the runway or identifying its
centerline.
VISUAL APPROACH- An approach conducted on
an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan which
authorizes the pilot to proceed visually and clear of
clouds to the airport. The pilot must, at all times, have
either the airport or the preceding aircraft in sight.
This approach must be authorized and under the
control of the appropriate air traffic control facility.
Reported weather at the airport must be ceiling at or
above 1,000 feet and visibility of 3 miles or greater.
(See ICAO term VISUAL APPROACH.)
VISUAL APPROACH [ICAO]- An approach by an
IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument
approach procedure is not completed and the
approach is executed in visual reference to terrain.
VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR-
(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
VISUAL CLIMB OVER AIRPORT (VCOA)- A
departure option for an IFR aircraft, operating in
visual meteorological conditions equal to or greater
than the specified visibility and ceiling, to visually
conduct climbing turns over the airport to the
published “climb-to” altitude from which to proceed
with the instrument portion of the departure. VCOA
procedures are developed to avoid obstacles greater
than 3 statute miles from the departure end of the
runway as an alternative to complying with climb
gradients greater than 200 feet per nautical mile.
These procedures are published in the `Take-Off
Minimums and (Obstacle) Departure Procedures'
section of the Terminal Procedures Publications.
(See AIM.)
VISUAL DESCENT POINT- A defined point on the
final approach course of a nonprecision straight‐in
approach procedure from which normal descent from
the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be
commenced, provided the approach threshold of that
runway, or approach lights, or other markings
identifiable with the approach end of that runway are
clearly visible to the pilot.
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES- Rules that govern the
procedures for conducting flight under visual
conditions. The term “VFR” is also used in the
United States to indicate weather conditions that are
equal to or greater than minimum VFR requirements.
In addition, it is used by pilots and controllers to
indicate type of flight plan.
(See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.)
(See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.)
(See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.)
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
(Refer to AIM.)
VISUAL HOLDING- The holding of aircraft at
selected, prominent geographical fixes which can be
easily recognized from the air.
(See HOLDING FIX.)
VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONSMeteorological
conditions expressed in terms of
visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or
better than specified minima.
(See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.)
(See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.)
(See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.)
VISUAL SEPARATION- A means employed by
ATC to separate aircraft in terminal areas and en route
airspace in the NAS. There are two ways to effect this
separation:
a. The tower controller sees the aircraft involved
and issues instructions, as necessary, to ensure that
the aircraft avoid each other.
b. A pilot sees the other aircraft involved and upon
instructions from the controller provides his/her own
Pilot/Controller Glossary 2/14/08
PCG V-4
separation by maneuvering his/her aircraft as
necessary to avoid it. This may involve following
another aircraft or keeping it in sight until it is no
longer a factor.
(See SEE AND AVOID.)
(Refer to 14 CFR Part 91.)
VLF-
(See VERY LOW FREQUENCY.)
VMC-
(See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.)
VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL SYSTEMThe
VSCS is a computer controlled switching system
that provides air traffic controllers with all voice
circuits (air to ground and ground to ground)
necessary for air traffic control.
(See VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL
SYSTEM.)
(Refer to AIM.)
VOR- A ground‐based electronic navigation aid
transmitting very high frequency navigation signals,
360 degrees in azimuth, oriented from magnetic
north. Used as the basis for navigation in the National
Airspace System. The VOR periodically identifies
itself by Morse Code and may have an additional
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