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orientations orthogonal to the direction of propagation.
3.7.3.2.5.5 Modulation
3.7.3.2.5.5.1 Each GLONASS satellite shall transmit at its carrier frequency the navigation RF signal using a BPSKmodulated
binary train. The phase shift keying of the carrier shall be performed at π-radians with the maximum error
±0.2 radian. The pseudo-random code sequence shall be repeated each millisecond.
3.7.3.2.5.5.2 The modulating navigation signal shall be generated by the Modulo-2 addition of the following three
binary signals:
a) ranging code transmitted at 511 kbits/s;
b) navigation message transmitted at 50 bits/s; and
c) 100 Hz auxiliary meander sequence.
3.7.3.2.6 GLONASS time. GLONASS time shall be referenced to UTC(SU) (as maintained by the National Time
Service of Russia).
3.7.3.2.7 Coordinate system. The GLONASS coordinate system shall be PZ-90.
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Note.— Conversion from the PZ-90 coordinate system used by GLONASS to the WGS-84 coordinates is defined in
Appendix B, 3.2.5.2.
3.7.3.2.8 Navigation information. The navigation data transmitted by the satellite shall include the necessary
information to determine:
a) satellite time of transmission;
b) satellite position;
c) satellite health;
d) satellite clock correction;
e) time transfer to UTC; and
f) constellation status.
Note.— Structure and contents of data are specified in Appendix B, 3.2.1.2 and 3.2.1.3, respectively.
3.7.3.3 Aircraft-based augmentation system (ABAS)
3.7.3.3.1 Performance. The ABAS function combined with one or more of the other GNSS elements and both a faultfree
GNSS receiver and fault-free aircraft system used for the ABAS function shall meet the requirements for accuracy,
integrity, continuity and availability as stated in 3.7.2.4.
3.7.3.4 Satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)
3.7.3.4.1 Performance. SBAS combined with one or more of the other GNSS elements and a fault-free receiver shall
meet the requirements for system accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability for the intended operation as stated in 3.7.2.4.
Note.— SBAS complements the core satellite constellation(s) by increasing accuracy, integrity, continuity and
availability of navigation provided within a service area, typically including multiple aerodromes.
3.7.3.4.2 Functions. SBAS shall perform one or more of the following functions:
a) ranging: provide an additional pseudo-range signal with an accuracy indicator from an SBAS satellite (3.7.3.4.2.1
and Appendix B, 3.5.7.2);
b) GNSS satellite status: determine and transmit the GNSS satellite health status (Appendix B, 3.5.7.3);
c) basic differential correction: provide GNSS satellite ephemeris and clock corrections (fast and long-term) to be
applied to the pseudo-range measurements from satellites (Appendix B, 3.5.7.4); and
d) precise differential correction: determine and transmit the ionospheric corrections (Appendix B, 3.5.7.5).
Note.— If all the functions are provided, SBAS in combination with core satellite constellation(s) can support departure,
en-route, terminal and approach operations including Category I precision approach. The level of performance that can be
achieved depends upon the infrastructure incorporated into SBAS and the ionospheric conditions in the geographic area of
interest.
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3.7.3.4.2.1 Ranging
3.7.3.4.2.1.1 Excluding atmospheric effects, the range error for the ranging signal from SBAS satellites shall not
exceed 25 m (82 ft) (95 per cent).
3.7.3.4.2.1.2 The probability that the range error exceeds 150 m (490 ft) in any hour shall not exceed 10–5.
3.7.3.4.2.1.3 The probability of unscheduled outages of the ranging function from an SBAS satellite in any hour shall
not exceed 10–3.
3.7.3.4.2.1.4 The range rate error shall not exceed 2 m (6.6 ft) per second.
3.7.3.4.2.1.5 The range acceleration error shall not exceed 0.019 m (0.06 ft) per second-squared.
3.7.3.4.3 Service area. The SBAS service area shall be a defined area within an SBAS coverage area where SBAS
meets the requirements of 3.7.2.4 and supports the corresponding approved operations.
Note 1.— The coverage area is that area within which the SBAS broadcast can be received (e.g. the geostationary
satellite footprints).
Note 2.— SBAS coverage and service areas are discussed in Attachment D, 6.2.
3.7.3.4.4 RF characteristics
Note.— Detailed RF characteristics are specified in Appendix B, 3.5.2.
3.7.3.4.4.1 Carrier frequency. The carrier frequency shall be 1 575.42 MHz.
Note.— After 2005, when the upper GLONASS frequencies are vacated, another type of SBAS may be introduced using
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