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2.3.1.1 An NDB conforming to the Standards in Chapter 3, 3.4 shall be installed and maintained in operation at a
locality where an NDB, in conjunction with direction-finding equipment in the aircraft, fulfils the operational requirement for
a radio aid to navigation.
2.3.2 En-route VHF marker beacons (75 MHz)
2.3.2.1 Recommendation.— Where a VHF marker beacon is required to mark a position on any air route, a fan
marker beacon conforming to the Standard contained in Chapter 3, 3.6 should be installed and maintained in operation.
Note.— This recommendation does not preclude the use of fan marker beacons at points other than on an air route as,
for example, an aid to descent under IFR conditions.
2.3.2.2 Recommendation.— Where a VHF marker beacon is required to mark the position of a radio navigation aid
giving directional or track guidance, a Z marker conforming to the Standard in Chapter 3, 3.6 should be installed and
maintained in operation.
2.4 Global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
2.4.1 A standard aid to navigation shall be the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) conforming to the Standards
contained in Chapter 3, 3.7.
Note 1.— It is intended that any change in, or addition to, Standards in Chapter 3, 3.7 that will require the replacement
of GNSS equipment can become applicable on the basis of a six-year advance notice.
Note 2.— GNSS is expected to support all phases of flight and aerodrome surface operations, however, present SARPs
provide for en-route, terminal and approach and landing operations down to Category I precision approach.
2.4.2 It shall be permissible to terminate a GNSS satellite service provided by one of its elements (Chapter 3, 3.7.2) on
the basis of at least a six-year advance notice by a service provider.
2.4.3 Recording and retention of GNSS data
2.4.3.1 Recommendation.— A State that approves GNSS-based operations should ensure that GNSS data relevant to
those operations are recorded.
Note 1.— These recorded data are primarily intended for use in accident and incident investigations. They may also
support periodic confirmation that accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability are maintained within the limits required
for the operations approved.
Note 2.— Guidance material on the recording of GNSS parameters is contained in Attachment D, 11.
2.4.3.2 Recommendation.— Recordings should be retained for a period of at least fourteen days. When the
recordings are pertinent to accident and incident investigations, they should be retained for longer periods until it is evident
that they will no longer be required.
23/11/06 2-4
Chapter 2 Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications
2.5 [Reserved]
2.6 Distance measuring aids
2.6.1 Recommendation.— If a distance measuring facility is installed and maintained in operation for any radio
navigational purpose additional to that specified in 2.2.2, it should conform to the specification in Chapter 3, 3.5.
2.7 Ground and flight testing
2.7.1 Radio navigation aids of the types covered by the specifications in Chapter 3 and available for use by aircraft
engaged in international air navigation shall be the subject of periodic ground and flight tests.
Note.— Guidance on the ground and flight testing of ICAO standard facilities is contained in Attachment C and in the
Manual on Testing of Radio Navigation Aids (Doc 8071).
2.8 Provision of information on
the operational status of radio navigation aids
2.8.1 Aerodrome control towers and units providing approach control service shall be provided without delay with
information on the operational status of radio navigation aids essential for approach, landing and take-off at the aerodrome(s)
with which they are concerned.
2.9 Secondary power supply for
radio navigation aids and communication systems
2.9.1 Radio navigation aids and ground elements of communication systems of the types specified in Annex 10 shall be
provided with suitable power supplies and means to ensure continuity of service appropriate to the needs of the service
provided.
Note.— Guidance material on this subject is contained in Section 8 of Attachment C.
2.10 Human Factors considerations
2.10.1 Recommendation.— Human Factors principles should be observed in the design and certification of radio
navigation aids.
Note.— Guidance material on Human Factors principles can be found in the Human Factors Training Manual
(Doc 9683) and Circular 249 (Human Factors Digest No. 11 — Human Factors in CNS/ATM Systems).
___________________
2-5 23/11/06
ANNEX 10 — VOLUME I 3-1 23/11/06
CHAPTER 3. SPECIFICATIONS FOR RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS
Note.— Specifications concerning the siting and construction of equipment and installations on operational areas aimed
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