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(500 ft), whichever is the greater. It shall be possible to resolve the positions of two aircraft that are separated by a distance of
1 per cent of the true distance from the point of observation or 230 m (750 ft), whichever is the greater.
3.2.4.3.2.1 Recommendation.— The error in distance indication should not exceed 3 per cent of the true distance or
150 m (500 ft), whichever is the greater.
3.2.4.4 The equipment shall be capable of completely renewing the information concerning the distance and azimuth of
any aircraft within the coverage of the equipment at least once every 4 seconds.
3.2.4.5 Recommendation.— Efforts should be made to reduce, as far as possible, the disturbance caused by ground
echoes or echoes from clouds and precipitation.
Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications Volume I
23/11/06 3-28
3.3 Specification for VHF
omnidirectional radio range (VOR)
3.3.1 General
3.3.1.1 The VOR shall be constructed and adjusted so that similar instrumental indications in aircraft represent equal
clockwise angular deviations (bearings), degree for degree from magnetic North as measured from the location of the VOR.
3.3.1.2 The VOR shall radiate a radio frequency carrier with which are associated two separate 30 Hz modulations.
One of these modulations shall be such that its phase is independent of the azimuth of the point of observation (reference
phase). The other modulation (variable phase) shall be such that its phase at the point of observation differs from that of the
reference phase by an angle equal to the bearing of the point of observation with respect to the VOR.
3.3.1.3 The reference and variable phase modulations shall be in phase along the reference meridian through the station.
Note.— The reference and variable phase modulations are in phase when the maximum value of the sum of the radio
frequency carrier and the sideband energy due to the variable phase modulation occurs at the same time as the highest
instantaneous frequency of the reference phase modulation.
3.3.2 Radio frequency
3.3.2.1 The VOR shall operate in the band 111.975 MHz to 117.975 MHz except that frequencies in the band 108 MHz
to 111.975 MHz may be used when, in accordance with the provisions of Volume V, Chapter 4, 4.2.1 and 4.2.3.1, the use of
such frequencies is acceptable. The highest assignable frequency shall be 117.950 MHz. The channel separation shall be in
increments of 50 kHz referred to the highest assignable frequency. In areas where 100 kHz or 200 kHz channel spacing is in
general use, the frequency tolerance of the radio frequency carrier shall be plus or minus 0.005 per cent.
3.3.2.2 The frequency tolerance of the radio frequency carrier of all new installations implemented after 23 May 1974
in areas where 50 kHz channel spacing is in use shall be plus or minus 0.002 per cent.
3.3.2.3 In areas where new VOR installations are implemented and are assigned frequencies spaced at 50 kHz from
existing VORs in the same area, priority shall be given to ensuring that the frequency tolerance of the radio frequency carrier
of the existing VORs is reduced to plus or minus 0.002 per cent.
3.3.3 Polarization and pattern accuracy
3.3.3.1 The emission from the VOR shall be horizontally polarized. The vertically polarized component of the
radiation shall be as small as possible.
Note.— It is not possible at present to state quantitatively the maximum permissible magnitude of the vertically polarized
component of the radiation from the VOR. (Information is provided in the Manual on Testing of Radio Navigation Aids
(Doc 8071) as to flight checks that can be carried out to determine the effects of vertical polarization on the bearing
accuracy.)
3.3.3.2 The accuracy of the bearing information conveyed by the horizontally polarized radiation from the VOR at a
distance of approximately four wavelengths for all elevation angles between 0 and 40 degrees, measured from the centre of
the VOR antenna system, shall be within plus or minus 2 degrees.
Chapter 3 Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications
3-29 23/11/06
3.3.4 Coverage
3.3.4.1 The VOR shall provide signals such as to permit satisfactory operation of a typical aircraft installation at the
levels and distances required for operational reasons, and up to an elevation angle of 40 degrees.
3.3.4.2 Recommendation.— The field strength or power density in space of VOR signals required to permit
satisfactory operation of a typical aircraft installation at the minimum service level at the maximum specified service radius
should be 90 microvolts per metre or minus 107 dBW/m2.
Note.— Typical effective radiated powers (ERPs) to achieve specified ranges are contained in 3.1 of Attachment C.
3.3.5 Modulations of navigation signals
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