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which is the vertical line through the marker beacons.
In practice, the production of such patterns is impracticable and a compromise radiation pattern is necessary. In
Attachment C, antenna systems currently in use and which have proved generally satisfactory are described for guidance.
Such designs and any new designs providing a closer approximation to the most desirable radiation pattern outlined above
will normally meet operational requirements.
3.6.1.2.6 Determination of coverage. The limits of coverage of marker beacons shall be determined on the basis of the
field strength specified in 3.1.7.3.2.
3.6.1.2.7 Radiation pattern. Recommendation.— The radiation pattern of a marker beacon normally should be such
that the polar axis is vertical, and the field strength in the pattern is symmetrical about the polar axis in the plane or planes
containing the flight paths for which the marker beacon is intended.
Note.— Difficulty in siting certain marker beacons may make it necessary to accept a polar axis that is not vertical.
3.6.1.3 Monitoring. Recommendation.— For each marker beacon, suitable monitoring equipment should be provided
which will show at an appropriate location:
a) a decrease in radiated carrier power below 50 per cent of normal;
b) a decrease of modulation depth below 70 per cent;
c) a failure of keying.
3.7 Requirements for the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
3.7.1 Definitions
Aircraft-based augmentation system (ABAS). An augmentation system that augments and/or integrates the information
obtained from the other GNSS elements with information available on board the aircraft.
Alert. An indication provided to other aircraft systems or annunciation to the pilot to identify that an operating parameter of a
navigation system is out of tolerance.
Alert limit. For a given parameter measurement, the error tolerance not to be exceeded without issuing an alert.
Channel of standard accuracy (CSA). The specified level of positioning, velocity and timing accuracy that is available to
any GLONASS user on a continuous, worldwide basis.
Core satellite constellation(s). The core satellite constellations are GPS and GLONASS.
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS). A worldwide position and time determination system that includes one or more
satellite constellations, aircraft receivers and system integrity monitoring, augmented as necessary to support the required
navigation performance for the intended operation.
Global navigation satellite system (GLONASS). The satellite navigation system operated by the Russian Federation.
Global positioning system (GPS). The satellite navigation system operated by the United States.
Chapter 3 Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications
3-59 23/11/06
GNSS position error. The difference between the true position and the position determined by the GNSS receiver.
Ground-based augmentation system (GBAS). An augmentation system in which the user receives augmentation information
directly from a ground-based transmitter.
Ground-based regional augmentation system (GRAS). An augmentation system in which the user receives augmentation
information directly from one of a group of ground-based transmitters covering a region.
Integrity. A measure of the trust that can be placed in the correctness of the information supplied by the total system.
Integrity includes the ability of a system to provide timely and valid warnings to the user (alerts).
Pseudo-range. The difference between the time of transmission by a satellite and reception by a GNSS receiver multiplied by
the speed of light in a vacuum, including bias due to the difference between a GNSS receiver and satellite time reference.
Satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS). A wide coverage augmentation system in which the user receives
augmentation information from a satellite-based transmitter.
Standard positioning service (SPS). The specified level of positioning, velocity and timing accuracy that is available to any
global positioning system (GPS) user on a continuous, worldwide basis.
Time-to-alert. The maximum allowable time elapsed from the onset of the navigation system being out of tolerance until the
equipment enunciates the alert.
3.7.2 General
3.7.2.1 Functions
3.7.2.1.1 The GNSS shall provide position and time data to the aircraft.
Note.— These data are derived from pseudo-range measurements between an aircraft equipped with a GNSS receiver
and various signal sources on satellites or on the ground.
3.7.2.2 GNSS elements
3.7.2.2.1 The GNSS navigation service shall be provided using various combinations of the following elements
installed on the ground, on satellites and/or on board the aircraft:
a) Global Positioning System (GPS) that provides the Standard Positioning Service (SPS) as defined in 3.7.3.1;
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