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and is continuously providing a distance measurement.
Transmission rate. The average number of pulse pairs transmitted from the transponder per second.
Virtual origin. The point at which the straight line through the 30 per cent and 5 per cent amplitude points on the pulse
leading edge intersects the 0 per cent amplitude axis (see Figure 3-2).
3.5.2 General
3.5.2.1 The DME system shall provide for continuous and accurate indication in the cockpit of the slant range distance
of an equipped aircraft from an equipped ground reference point.
3.5.2.2 The system shall comprise two basic components, one fitted in the aircraft, the other installed on the ground.
The aircraft component shall be referred to as the interrogator and the ground component as the transponder.
3.5.2.3 In operation, interrogators shall interrogate transponders which shall, in turn, transmit to the interrogator replies
synchronized with the interrogations, thus providing means for accurate measurement of distance.
3.5.2.4 DME/P shall have two operating modes, IA and FA.
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Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-2.
c e
b
d
i
f
g
h
0,05A
0,1A
a
0,3A
0,5A
Voltage amplitude (A)
Time
Pulse envelope
A
0,9A
0
0,3A
0,05A
0
Voltage amplitude (A)
h
i
Partial
rise time
Time
Virtual origin
Chapter 3 Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications
3-39 23/11/06
3.5.2.5 When a DME function is combined with either an ILS, MLS or VOR for the purpose of constituting a single
facility, they shall be considered to be associated in a manner complying with Chapter 2, 2.2.2, only when:
a) operated on a standard frequency pairing in accordance with 3.5.3.3.5;
b) collocated within the limits prescribed for associated facilities in 3.5.2.6; and
c) complying with the identification provisions of 3.5.3.6.4.
Note.— A single DME facility may be paired with both an ILS and MLS.
3.5.2.6 Collocation limits for a DME facility associated with an ILS, MLS or VOR facility
3.5.2.6.1 Associated VOR and DME facilities shall be collocated in accordance with the following:
a) coaxial collocation: the VOR and DME antennas are located on the same vertical axis; or
b) offset collocation:
1) for those facilities used in terminal areas for approach purposes or other procedures where the highest position
fixing accuracy of system capability is required, the separation of the VOR and DME antennas does not exceed
30 m (100 ft) except that, at Doppler VOR facilities, where DME service is provided by a separate facility, the
antennas may be separated by more than 30 m (100 ft), but not in excess of 80 m (260 ft);
2) for purposes other than those indicated in 1), the separation of the VOR and DME antennas does not exceed
600 m (2 000 ft).
3.5.2.6.2 Association of DME with ILS
Note.— Attachment C, 2.11 gives guidance on the association of DME with ILS.
3.5.2.6.3 Association of DME with MLS
3.5.2.6.3.1 Recommendation.— If a DME/P is used to provide ranging information, it should be sited as close as
possible to the MLS azimuth facility.
Note.— Attachment G, 5 and Attachment C, 7.1.6 give guidance on siting of DME with MLS. This guidance sets forth,
in particular, appropriate steps to be taken to prevent different zero range indication if DME/P associated with MLS and
DME/N associated with ILS serve the same runway.
3.5.3 System characteristics
3.5.3.1 Performance
3.5.3.1.1 Range. The system shall provide a means of measurement of slant range distance from an aircraft to a
selected transponder to the limit of coverage prescribed by the operational requirements for the selected transponder.
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3.5.3.1.2 Coverage
3.5.3.1.2.1 When associated with a VOR, DME/N coverage shall be at least that of the VOR to the extent practicable.
3.5.3.1.2.2 When associated with either an ILS or an MLS, DME/N coverage shall be at least that of the respective ILS
or of the MLS azimuth angle guidance coverage sectors.
3.5.3.1.2.3 DME/P coverage shall be at least that provided by the MLS azimuth angle guidance coverage sectors.
Note.— This is not intended to specify the operational range and coverage to which the system may be used; spacing of
facilities already installed may limit the range in certain areas.
3.5.3.1.3 Accuracy
3.5.3.1.3.1 System accuracy. The accuracy standards specified herein shall be met on a 95 per cent probability basis.
Note.— The total system limits include errors from all causes such as those from airborne equipment, ground equipment,
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