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n = 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65.
c7 = β 7 ⊕ [Σp bp]mod 2
p = 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.
cΣ = [Σ β q] mod 2 ⊕ [Σ br]mod 2
q = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
r = 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,
59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,
84, 85.
3.2.2.1 Parity checking algorithm for data verification. The algorithm shown in Table B-22 and as detailed below is
used to detect and correct an error of 1 bit within the string and to detect an error of 2 or more bits within a string.
3.2.2.1.1 Each string includes the 85 data bits where the 77 MSBs are data chips (b85, b84, …, b10, b9), and the 8 LSBs
are the check bits of Hamming code length of 4 (β8, β 7, …, β 2, β 1).
3.2.2.1.2 To correct 1-bit errors within the string the following checksums are generated: (c1, c2, …, c7), and to detect
2-bit errors (or more-even-number-of-bits errors) a checksum cΣ is generated, as shown in Table B-22. The following is used
for correcting single errors and detecting multiple errors:
APP B-29 23/11/06
Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications Volume I
a) A string is considered correct if all checksums (c1, ..., c7, and cΣ) are equal to “0”, or if only one of the checksums
(c1, ..., c7) is equal to “1” and cΣ is equal to “1”.
b) If two or more of the checksums (c1, ..., c7) are equal to “1” and cΣ is equal to “1”, then character “bicor” is corrected
to the opposite character in the following bit position:
“icor” = c7 c6 c5 c4 c3 c2 c1 + 8 – K, provided that “icor” ≤ 85,
where “c7 c6 c5 c4 c3 c2 c1” is a binary number generated from the checksums (c1, ..., c7) with c1 being the LSB and c7
being the MSB. K is the ordinal number of the most significant checksum not equal to “0”.
If icor > 85, then there is an odd number of multiple errors, and the data shall be rejected.
c) If at least one of the checksums (c1, ..., c7) is equal to “1” and cΣ is equal to “0”, or if all checksums (c1, ..., c7) are
equal to “0” but cΣ is equal to “1”, then there are multiple errors and the data shall be rejected.
3.2.2.2 SATELLITE CLOCK CORRECTION PARAMETERS
3.2.2.2.1 GLONASS system time is determined as:
tGLONASS = tk + τn(tb) – γn(tb) (tk – tb)
where tk, τn(tb), γn(tb) are parameters described in 3.2.1.3.1.
3.2.2.2.2 GLONASS time is related to National Time Service of Russia (UTC(SU)) time as indicated below:
tUTC(SU) = tGLONASS + τc – 03 hours 00 minutes
where
τc is a parameter described in 3.2.1.3.4 and
03 hours 00 minutes is continuous time shift caused by difference between Moscow time and Greenwich time.
3.2.2.3 SATELLITE POSITION
3.2.2.3.1 The current satellite position is defined using ephemeris parameters from GLONASS navigation, as indicated
and in Table B-17.
3.2.2.3.2 Recalculation of ephemeris from instant tb to instant ti within the interval (|τi| = |ti – tb| ≤ 15 minutes) is
performed using a technique of numeric integration of differential equations describing the motion of the satellites. In the
right-hand parts of these equations the accelerations are determined using the gravitational constant μ and the second zonal
harmonic of the geopotential J2
0which defines polar flattening of the earth, and accelerations due to luni-solar perturbation are
taken into account. The equations are integrated in the PZ-90 (3.2.5) coordinate system by applying the Runge-Kutta
technique of fourth order, as indicated below:
dx Vx
dt
=
dy Vy
dt
=
dz Vz
dt
=
23/11/06 APP B-30
Appendix B Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications
2 2
x 2 e 2
3 05 2 y
dV x 3J a x 1 5z x 2 V
dt r 2 r r
μ μ ⎛ ⎞
= − − ⎜ − ⎟+ ω + ω +
⎝ ⎠
x
2 2
y 2 e 2
3 05 2 x
dV y 3J a y1 5z y 2 V
dt r 2 r r
μ μ ⎛ ⎞
= − − ⎜ − ⎟+ ω + ω +
⎝ ⎠
y
2 2
z 2 e
3 0 5 2
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