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sensor.
(g) Anemometer (wind direction and speed
sensor).
(h) Rainfall accumulation sensor.
3. The ASOS/AWSS data outlets include:
(a) Those necessary for on‐site airport users.
(b) National communications networks.
(c) Computer‐generated voice (available
through FAA radio broadcast to pilots, and dial‐in
telephone line).
NOTEWind
direction broadcast over FAA radios is in reference
to magnetic north.
4. An ASOS/AWOS/AWSS report without
human intervention will contain only that weather
data capable of being reported automatically. The
modifier for this METAR report is “AUTO.” When
an observer augments or backs-up an ASOS/AWOS/
AWSS site, the “AUTO” modifier disappears.
5. There are two types of automated stations,
AO1 for automated weather reporting stations
without a precipitation discriminator, and AO2 for
automated stations with a precipitation discriminator.
As appropriate, “AO1” and “AO2” shall appear in
remarks. (A precipitation discriminator can determine
the difference between liquid and
frozen/freezing precipitation).
NOTETo
decode an ASOS/AWSS report, refer to FIG 7-1-8 and
FIG 7-1-9.
REFERENCEA
complete explanation of METAR terminology is located in AIM,
Paragraph 7-1-30, Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation
Routine Weather Report (METAR).
AIM 2/14/08
7-1-28 Meteorology
FIG 7-1-8
Key to Decode an ASOS/AWSS (METAR) Observation (Front)
2/14/08 AIM
Meteorology 7-1-29
FIG 7-1-9
Key to Decode an ASOS/AWSS (METAR) Observation (Back)
AIM 2/14/08
7-1-30 Meteorology
e. TBL 7-1-1 contains a comparison of weather
observing programs and the elements reported.
f. Service Standards. During 1995, a government/
industry team worked to comprehensively
reassess the requirements for surface observations at
the nation's airports. That work resulted in agreement
on a set of service standards, and the FAA and NWS
ASOS sites to which the standards would apply. The
term “Service Standards” refers to the level of detail
in weather observation. The service standards consist
of four different levels of service (A, B, C, and D) as
described below. Specific observational elements
included in each service level are listed in
TBL 7-1-2.
1. Service Level D defines the minimum
acceptable level of service. It is a completely
automated service in which the ASOS observation
will constitute the entire observation, i.e., no
additional weather information is added by a human
observer. This service is referred to as a stand aloneD
site.
2. Service Level C is a service in which the
human observer, usually an air traffic controller,
augments or adds information to the automated
observation. Service Level C also includes backup of
ASOS elements in the event of an ASOS malfunction
or an unrepresentative ASOS report. In backup, the
human observer inserts the correct or missing value
for the automated ASOS elements. This service is
provided by air traffic controllers under the Limited
Aviation Weather Reporting Station (LAWRS)
process, FSS and NWS observers, and, at selected
sites, Non-Federal Observation Program observers.
Two categories of airports require detail beyond
Service Level C in order to enhance air traffic control
efficiency and increase system capacity. Services at
these airports are typically provided by contract
weather observers, NWS observers, and, at some
locations, FSS observers.
3. Service Level B is a service in which weather
observations consist of all elements provided under
Service Level C, plus augmentation of additional data
beyond the capability of the ASOS. This category of
airports includes smaller hubs or special airports in
other ways that have worse than average bad weather
operations for thunderstorms and/or freezing/frozen
precipitation, and/or that are remote airports.
4. Service Level A, the highest and most
demanding category, includes all the data reported in
Service Standard B, plus additional requirements as
specified. Service Level A covers major aviation
hubs and/or high volume traffic airports with average
or worse weather.
TBL 7-1-1
Weather Observing Programs
Element Reported AWOS-A AWOS-1 AWOS-2 AWOS-3 ASOS Manual
Altimeter X X X X X X
Wind X X X X X
Temperature/
Dew Point
X X X X X
Density Altitude X X X X
Visibility X X X X
Clouds/Ceiling X X X
Precipitation X X
Remarks X X
2/14/08 AIM
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