曝光台 注意防骗
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Sikorsky S-76, Eurocopter SA-365.
(c) Large Helicopter: Boeing Chinook,
Eurocopter Puma, Sikorsky H-60 series
(Blackhawk), SK-92.
3. The LZ should be level, firm and free of loose
debris that could possibly blow up into the rotor
system.
4. The LZ should be clear of people, vehicles
and obstructions such as trees, poles and wires.
Remember that wires are difficult to see from the air.
The LZ must also be free of stumps, brush, post and
large rocks. See FIG 10-2-5.
FIG 10-2-5
Landing Zone Hazards
5. Keep spectators back at least 200 feet. Keep
emergency vehicles 100 feet away and have fire
equipment (if available) standing by. Ground
personnel should wear eye protection, if available,
during landing and takeoff operations. To avoid loose
objects being blown around in the LZ, hats should be
removed; if helmets are worn, chin straps must be
securely fastened.
6. Fire fighters (if available) should wet down
the LZ if it is extremely dusty.
AIM 2/14/08
10-2-12 Special Operations
e. Helping the Flightcrew Locate the Scene
1. If the LZ coordinator has access to a GPS unit,
the exact latitude and longitude of the LZ should be
relayed to the HEMS pilot. If unable to contact the
pilot directly, relay the information to the HEMS
ground communications specialist for relaying to the
pilot, so that they may locate your scene more
efficiently. Recognize that the aircraft may approach
from a direction different than the direct path from the
takeoff point to the scene, as the pilot may have to
detour around terrain, obstructions or weather
enroute.
2. Especially in daylight hours, mountainous
and densely populated areas can make sighting a
scene from the air difficult. Often, the LZ coordinator
on the ground will be asked if she or he can see or hear
the helicopter.
3. Flightcrews use a clock reference method for
directing one another's attention to a certain direction
from the aircraft. The nose of the aircraft is always
12o'clock, the right side is 3 o'clock, etc. When the
LZ coordinator sees the aircraft, he/she should use
this method to assist the flightcrew by indicating the
scene's clock reference position from the nose of the
aircraft. For example, “Accident scene is located at
your 2 o'clock position.” See FIG 10-2-6.
FIG 10-2-6
“Clock” System for Identifying Positions
Relative to the Nose of the Aircraft
4. When the helicopter approaches the scene, it
will normally orbit at least one time as the flight crew
observes the wind direction and obstacles that could
interfere with the landing. This is often referred to as
the “high reconnaissance” maneuver.
f. Wind Direction and Touchdown Area
1. Determine from which direction the wind is
blowing. Helicopters normally land and takeoff into
the wind.
2. If contact can be established with the pilot,
either directly or indirectly through the HEMS
ground communications specialist, describe the wind
in terms of the direction the wind is from and the
speed.
3. Common natural sources of wind direction
information are smoke, dust, vegetation movement,
water streaks and waves. Flags, pennants, streamers
can also be used. When describing the direction, use
the compass direction from which the wind is
blowing (example: from the North-West).
4. Wind speed can be measured by small
hand-held measurement devices, or an observer's
estimate can be used to provide velocity information.
The wind value should be reported in knots (nautical
miles per hour). If unable to numerically measure
wind speed, use TBL 10-2-3 to estimate velocity.
Also, report if the wind conditions are gusty, or if the
wind direction or velocity is variable or has changed
recently.
5. If any obstacle(s) exist, insure their description,
position and approximate height are
communicated to the pilot on the initial radio call.
2/14/08 AIM
Special Operations 10-2-13
TBL 10-2-3
Table of Common References for Estimating Wind Velocity
Wind
(Knots)
Wind
Classification
Appearance of Wind Effects
On the Water On Land
Less than 1 Calm Sea surface smooth and mirror-like Calm, smoke rises vertically
1-3 Light Air Scaly ripples, no foam crests Smoke drift indicates wind direction,
wind vanes are still
4-6 Light Breeze Small wavelets, crests glassy, no
breaking
Wind felt on face, leaves rustle, vanes
begin to move
7-10 Gentle Breeze Large wavelets, crests begin to break,
scattered whitecaps
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