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d. When encountering birds en route, climb to
avoid collision, because birds in flocks generally
distribute themselves downward, with lead birds
being at the highest altitude.
e. Avoid overflight of known areas of bird
concentration and flying at low altitudes during bird
migration. Charted wildlife refuges and other natural
areas contain unusually high local concentration of
birds which may create a hazard to aircraft.
7-4-3. Reporting Bird Strikes
Pilots are urged to report any bird or other wildlife
strike using FAA Form 5200-7, Bird/Other Wildlife
Strike Report (Appendix 1). Additional forms are
available at any FSS; at any FAA Regional Office or
at http://wildlife-mitigation.tc.faa.gov. The data
derived from these reports are used to develop
standards to cope with this potential hazard to aircraft
and for documentation of necessary habitat control on
airports.
7-4-4. Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife
Activities
If you observe birds or other animals on or near the
runway, request airport management to disperse the
wildlife before taking off. Also contact the nearest
FAA ARTCC, FSS, or tower (including non-Federal
towers) regarding large flocks of birds and report the:
a. Geographic location.
b. Bird type (geese, ducks, gulls, etc.).
c. Approximate numbers.
d. Altitude.
e. Direction of bird flight path.
AIM 2/14/08
7-4-2 Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests
7-4-5. Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other
Wildlife Hazards
Many airports advise pilots of other wildlife hazards
caused by large animals on the runway through the
A/FD and the NOTAM system. Collisions of landing
and departing aircraft and animals on the runway are
increasing and are not limited to rural airports. These
accidents have also occurred at several major
airports. Pilots should exercise extreme caution when
warned of the presence of wildlife on and in the
vicinity of airports. If you observe deer or other large
animals in close proximity to movement areas, advise
the FSS, tower, or airport management.
7-4-6. Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife
Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas
a. The landing of aircraft is prohibited on lands or
waters administered by the National Park Service,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, or U.S. Forest Service
without authorization from the respective agency.
Exceptions include:
1. When forced to land due to an emergency
beyond the control of the operator;
2. At officially designated landing sites; or
3. An approved official business of the Federal
Government.
b. Pilots are requested to maintain a minimum
altitude of 2,000 feet above the surface of the
following: National Parks, Monuments, Seashores,
Lakeshores, Recreation Areas and Scenic Riverways
administered by the National Park Service, National
Wildlife Refuges, Big Game Refuges, Game Ranges
and Wildlife Ranges administered by the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, and Wilderness and Primitive
areas administered by the U.S. Forest Service.
NOTEFAA
Advisory Circular AC 91-36, Visual Flight
Rules(VFR) Flight Near Noise‐Sensitive Areas, defines
the surface of a national park area (including parks,
forests, primitive areas, wilderness areas, recreational
areas, national seashores, national monuments, national
lakeshores, and national wildlife refuge and range areas)
as: the highest terrain within 2,000 feet laterally of the
route of flight, or the upper‐most rim of a canyon or valley.
c. Federal statutes prohibit certain types of flight
activity and/or provide altitude restrictions over
designated U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest
Service Areas. These designated areas, for example:
Boundary Waters Canoe Wilderness Areas,
Minnesota; Haleakala National Park, Hawaii;
Yosemite National Park, California; and Grand
Canyon National Park, Arizona, are charted on
Sectional Charts.
d. Federal regulations also prohibit airdrops by
parachute or other means of persons, cargo, or objects
from aircraft on lands administered by the three
agencies without authorization from the respective
agency. Exceptions include:
1. Emergencies involving the safety of human
life; or
2. Threat of serious property loss.
2/14/08 AIM
Potential Flight Hazards 7-5-1
Section 5. Potential Flight Hazards
7-5-1. Accident Cause Factors
a. The 10 most frequent cause factors for general
aviation accidents that involve the pilot‐in‐command
are:
1. Inadequate preflight preparation and/or
planning.
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