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responsible for wake turbulence separation.
5. Advise ATC immediately if the pilot is unable
to continue following the preceding aircraft, cannot
remain clear of clouds, needs to climb, or loses sight
of the airport.
6. Be aware that radar service is automatically
terminated, without being advised by ATC, when the
pilot is instructed to change to advisory frequency.
7. Be aware that there may be other traffic in the
traffic pattern and the landing sequence may differ
from the traffic sequence assigned by approach
control or ARTCC.
b. Controller.
1. Do not clear an aircraft for a visual approach
unless reported weather at the airport is ceiling at or
above 1,000 feet and visibility is 3 miles or greater.
When weather is not available for the destination
airport, inform the pilot and do not initiate a visual
approach to that airport unless there is reasonable
assurance that descent and flight to the airport can be
made visually.
2. Issue visual approach clearance when the
pilot reports sighting either the airport or a preceding
aircraft which is to be followed.
3. Provide separation except when visual
separation is being applied by the pilot.
4. Continue flight following and traffic information
until the aircraft has landed or has been
instructed to change to advisory frequency.
5. Inform the pilot when the preceding aircraft
is a heavy.
6. When weather is available for the destination
airport, do not initiate a vector for a visual approach
unless the reported ceiling at the airport is 500 feet or
more above the MVA and visibility is 3 miles or more.
If vectoring weather minima are not available but
weather at the airport is ceiling at or above 1,000 feet
and visibility of 3 miles or greater, visual approaches
may still be conducted.
7. Informs the pilot conducting the visual
approach of the aircraft class when pertinent traffic is
known to be a heavy aircraft.
5-5-12. Visual Separation
a. Pilot.
1. Acceptance of instructions to follow another
aircraft or to provide visual separation from it is an
acknowledgment that the pilot will maneuver the
aircraft as necessary to avoid the other aircraft or to
maintain in‐trail separation. Pilots are responsible to
maintain visual separation until flight paths (altitudes
and/or courses) diverge.
2. If instructed by ATC to follow another aircraft
or to provide visual separation from it, promptly
notify the controller if you lose sight of that aircraft,
are unable to maintain continued visual contact with
it, or cannot accept the responsibility for your own
separation for any reason.
3. The pilot also accepts responsibility for wake
turbulence separation under these conditions.
b. Controller. Applies visual separation only:
1. Within the terminal area when a controller
has both aircraft in sight or by instructing a pilot who
sees the other aircraft to maintain visual separation
from it.
2. Pilots are responsible to maintain visual
separation until flight paths (altitudes and/or courses)
diverge.
3. Within en route airspace when aircraft are on
opposite courses and one pilot reports having seen the
other aircraft and that the aircraft have passed each
other.
AIM 2/14/08
5-5-6 Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities
5-5-13. VFR‐on‐top
a. Pilot.
1. This clearance must be requested by the pilot
on an IFR flight plan, and if approved, allows the pilot
the choice (subject to any ATC restrictions) to select
an altitude or flight level in lieu of an assigned
altitude.
NOTEVFR-
on-top is not permitted in certain airspace areas,
such as Class A airspace, certain restricted areas, etc.
Consequently, IFR flights operating VFR-on-top will
avoid such airspace.
REFERENCEAIM,
IFR Clearance VFR-on-top, Paragraph 4-4-8.
AIM, IFR Separation Standards, Paragraph 4-4-11.
AIM, Position Reporting, Paragraph 5-3-2.
AIM, Additional Reports, Paragraph 5-3-3.
2. By requesting a VFR‐on‐top clearance, the
pilot assumes the sole responsibility to be vigilant so
as to see and avoid other aircraft and to:
(a) Fly at the appropriate VFR altitude as
prescribed in 14 CFR Section 91.159.
(b) Comply with the VFR visibility and
distance from clouds criteria in 14 CFR Section
91.155, Basic VFR weather minimums.
(c) Comply with instrument flight rules that
are applicable to this flight; i.e., minimum IFR
altitudes, position reporting, radio communications,
course to be flown, adherence to ATC clearance, etc.
3. Should advise ATC prior to any altitude
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