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advice and instructions received. Cooperate. Do not
hesitate to ask questions or clarify instructions when
you do not understand or if you cannot comply with
clearance. Assist the ground station to control
communications on the frequency in use. Silence
interfering radio stations. Do not change frequency or
change to another ground station unless absolutely
necessary. If you do, advise the ground station of the
new frequency and station name prior to the change,
transmitting in the blind if necessary. If two‐way
communications cannot be established on the new
frequency, return immediately to the frequency or
station where two‐way communications last existed.
c. When in a distress condition with bailout, crash
landing or ditching imminent, take the following
additional actions to assist search and rescue units:
1. Time and circumstances permitting, transmit
as many as necessary of the message elements in
subparagraph a3 above, and any of the following that
you think might be helpful:
(a) ELT status.
(b) Visible landmarks.
(c) Aircraft color.
(d) Number of persons on board.
(e) Emergency equipment on board.
2. Actuate your ELT if the installation permits.
3. For bailout, and for crash landing or ditching
if risk of fire is not a consideration, set your radio for
continuous transmission.
4. If it becomes necessary to ditch, make every
effort to ditch near a surface vessel. If time permits,
an FAA facility should be able to get the position of
the nearest commercial or Coast Guard vessel from a
Coast Guard Rescue Coordination Center.
5. After a crash landing, unless you have good
reason to believe that you will not be located by
search aircraft or ground teams, it is best to remain
with your aircraft and prepare means for signaling
search aircraft.
2/14/08 AIM
Distress and Urgency Procedures 6-3-3
6-3-3. Ditching Procedures
FIG 6-3-1
Single Swell (15 knot wind)
SWELL
DITCHING
HEADING
WIND
FIG 6-3-2
Double Swell (15 knot wind)
PRIMARY
SWELL
SECONDARY
SWELL
HEADING
WIND
DITCHING
FIG 6-3-3
Double Swell (30 knot wind)
PRIMARY
SWELL
SECONDARY
SWELL
WIND
DITCHING
HEADING
FIG 6-3-4
(50 knot wind)
SWELL
WIND
Aircraft with low landing speeds - land into the wind.
Aircraft with high landing speeds - choose compromise
heading between wind and swell.
Both - land on back side of swell.
AIM 2/14/08
6-3-4 Distress and Urgency Procedures
FIG 6-3-5
Wind-Swell-Ditch Heading
GOOD
GOOD
BACK SIDE
POOR
FACE
GOOD
FAIR
BEST
DIRECTION OF
SWELL MOVEMENT
Landing parallel to the maor swell
Landing on the face and back of swell
a. A successful aircraft ditching is dependent on
three primary factors. In order of importance they are:
1. Sea conditions and wind.
2. Type of aircraft.
3. Skill and technique of pilot.
b. Common oceanographic terminology.
1. Sea. The condition of the surface that is the
result of both waves and swells.
2. Wave (or Chop). The condition of the
surface caused by the local winds.
3. Swell. The condition of the surface which
has been caused by a distance disturbance.
4. Swell Face. The side of the swell toward the
observer. The backside is the side away from the
observer. These definitions apply regardless of the
direction of swell movement.
5. Primary Swell. The swell system having the
greatest height from trough to crest.
6. Secondary Swells. Those swell systems of
less height than the primary swell.
7. Fetch. The distance the waves have been
driven by a wind blowing in a constant direction,
without obstruction.
8. Swell Period. The time interval between the
passage of two successive crests at the same spot in
the water, measured in seconds.
9. Swell Velocity. The speed and direction of
the swell with relation to a fixed reference point,
measured in knots. There is little movement of water
in the horizontal direction. Swells move primarily in
a vertical motion, similar to the motion observed
when shaking out a carpet.
10. Swell Direction. The direction from which
a swell is moving. This direction is not necessarily the
result of the wind present at the scene. The swell may
be moving into or across the local wind. Swells, once
set in motion, tend to maintain their original direction
for as long as they continue in deep water, regardless
of changes in wind direction.
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