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To avoid possible hazards resulting from being
vectored into IFR conditions, a pilot in difficulty
should keep the controller advised of the current
weather conditions being encountered and the
weather along the course ahead and observe the
following:
1. If a course of action is available which will
permit flight and a safe landing in VFR weather
conditions, noninstrument rated pilots should choose
the VFR condition rather than requesting a vector or
approach that will take them into IFR weather
conditions; or
2. If continued flight in VFR conditions is not
possible, the noninstrument rated pilot should so
advise the controller and indicating the lack of an
instrument rating, declare a distress condition; or
3. If the pilot is instrument rated and current, and
the aircraft is instrument equipped, the pilot should so
indicate by requesting an IFR flight clearance.
Assistance will then be provided on the basis that the
aircraft can operate safely in IFR weather conditions.
6-2-2. Transponder Emergency Operation
a. When a distress or urgency condition is
encountered, the pilot of an aircraft with a coded radar
beacon transponder, who desires to alert a ground
radar facility, should squawk Mode 3/A,
Code7700/Emergency and Mode C altitude reporting
and then immediately establish communications
with the ATC facility.
b. Radar facilities are equipped so that Code 7700
normally triggers an alarm or special indicator at all
control positions. Pilots should understand that they
might not be within a radar coverage area. Therefore,
they should continue squawking Code 7700 and
establish radio communications as soon as possible.
6-2-3. Direction Finding Instrument
Approach Procedure
a. Direction Finder (DF) equipment has long been
used to locate lost aircraft and to guide aircraft to
areas of good weather or to airports. Now at most DF
equipped airports, DF instrument approaches may be
given to aircraft in a distress or urgency condition.
b. Experience has shown that most emergencies
requiring DF assistance involve pilots with little
flight experience. With this in mind, DF approach
procedures provide maximum flight stability in the
approach by using small turns, and wings‐level
descents. The DF specialist will give the pilot
headings to fly and tell the pilot when to begin
descent.
c. DF IAPs are for emergency use only and will not
be used in IFR weather conditions unless the pilot has
declared a distress or urgency condition.
d. To become familiar with the procedures and
other benefits of DF, pilots are urged to request
practice DF guidance and approaches in VFR
weather conditions. DF specialists welcome the
practice and will honor such requests, workload
permitting.
AIM 2/14/08
6-2-2 Emergency Services Available to Pilots
6-2-4. Intercept and Escort
a. The concept of airborne intercept and escort is
based on the Search and Rescue (SAR) aircraft
establishing visual and/or electronic contact with an
aircraft in difficulty, providing in‐flight assistance,
and escorting it to a safe landing. If bailout, crash
landing or ditching becomes necessary, SAR
operations can be conducted without delay. For most
incidents, particularly those occurring at night and/or
during instrument flight conditions, the availability
of intercept and escort services will depend on the
proximity of SAR units with suitable aircraft on alert
for immediate dispatch. In limited circumstances,
other aircraft flying in the vicinity of an aircraft in
difficulty can provide these services.
b. If specifically requested by a pilot in difficulty
or if a distress condition is declared, SAR
coordinators will take steps to intercept and escort an
aircraft. Steps may be initiated for intercept and
escort if an urgency condition is declared and unusual
circumstances make such action advisable.
c. It is the pilot's prerogative to refuse intercept
and escort services. Escort services will normally be
provided to the nearest adequate airport. Should the
pilot receiving escort services continue onto another
location after reaching a safe airport, or decide not to
divert to the nearest safe airport, the escort aircraft is
not obligated to continue and further escort is
discretionary. The decision will depend on the
circumstances of the individual incident.
6-2-5. Emergency Locator Transmitter
(ELT)
a. General.
1. ELTs are required for most General Aviation
airplanes.
REFERENCE-
14 CFR SECTION 91.207.
2. ELTs of various types were developed as a
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