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d. Alcohol.
1. Extensive research has provided a number of
facts about the hazards of alcohol consumption and
flying. As little as one ounce of liquor, one bottle of
beer or four ounces of wine can impair flying skills,
with the alcohol consumed in these drinks being
detectable in the breath and blood for at least 3 hours.
Even after the body completely destroys a moderate
amount of alcohol, a pilot can still be severely
AIM 2/14/08
8-1-2 Fitness for Flight
impaired for many hours by hangover. There is
simply no way of increasing the destruction of
alcohol or alleviating a hangover. Alcohol also
renders a pilot much more susceptible to disorientation
and hypoxia.
2. A consistently high alcohol related fatal
aircraft accident rate serves to emphasize that alcohol
and flying are a potentially lethal combination. The
CFRs prohibit pilots from performing crewmember
duties within 8 hours after drinking any alcoholic
beverage or while under the influence of alcohol.
However, due to the slow destruction of alcohol, a
pilot may still be under influence 8 hours after
drinking a moderate amount of alcohol. Therefore, an
excellent rule is to allow at least 12 to 24 hours
between “bottle and throttle,” depending on the
amount of alcoholic beverage consumed.
e. Fatigue.
1. Fatigue continues to be one of the most
treacherous hazards to flight safety, as it may not be
apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made.
Fatigue is best described as either acute (short‐term)
or chronic (long‐term).
2. A normal occurrence of everyday living,
acute fatigue is the tiredness felt after long periods of
physical and mental strain, including strenuous
muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload,
strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of
sleep. Consequently, coordination and alertness, so
vital to safe pilot performance, can be reduced. Acute
fatigue is prevented by adequate rest and sleep, as
well as by regular exercise and proper nutrition.
3. Chronic fatigue occurs when there is not
enough time for full recovery between episodes of
acute fatigue. Performance continues to fall off, and
judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted
risks may be taken. Recovery from chronic fatigue
requires a prolonged period of rest.
f. Stress.
1. Stress from the pressures of everyday living
can impair pilot performance, often in very subtle
ways. Difficulties, particularly at work, can occupy
thought processes enough to markedly decrease
alertness. Distraction can so interfere with judgment
that unwarranted risks are taken, such as flying into
deteriorating weather conditions to keep on schedule.
Stress and fatigue (see above) can be an extremely
hazardous combination.
2. Most pilots do not leave stress “on the
ground.” Therefore, when more than usual difficulties
are being experienced, a pilot should consider
delaying flight until these difficulties are satisfactorily
resolved.
g. Emotion.
Certain emotionally upsetting events, including a
serious argument, death of a family member,
separation or divorce, loss of job, and financial
catastrophe, can render a pilot unable to fly an aircraft
safely. The emotions of anger, depression, and
anxiety from such events not only decrease alertness
but also may lead to taking risks that border on
self‐destruction. Any pilot who experiences an
emotionally upsetting event should not fly until
satisfactorily recovered from it.
h. Personal Checklist. Aircraft accident statistics
show that pilots should be conducting preflight
checklists on themselves as well as their aircraft for
pilot impairment contributes to many more accidents
than failures of aircraft systems. A personal checklist,
which includes all of the categories of pilot
impairment as discussed in this section, that can be
easily committed to memory is being distributed by
the FAA in the form of a wallet‐sized card.
i. PERSONAL CHECKLIST. I'm physically
and mentally safe to fly; not being impaired by:
Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Emotion
2/14/08 AIM
Fitness for Flight 8-1-3
8-1-2. Effects of Altitude
a. Hypoxia.
1. Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the
body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and
other organs. Hypoxia from exposure to altitude is
due only to the reduced barometric pressures
encountered at altitude, for the concentration of
oxygen in the atmosphere remains about 21 percent
from the ground out to space.
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