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slant character “/,” and winds at the height indicated
in the same format as surface winds. The wind shear
element is omitted if not expected to occur.
WS010/18040KT - “LOW LEVEL WIND SHEAR
AT ONE THOUSAND, WIND ONE EIGHT ZERO
AT FOUR ZERO”
d. Probability Forecast. The probability or
chance of thunderstorms or other precipitation events
occurring, along with associated weather conditions
(wind, visibility, and sky conditions).
The PROB30 group is used when the occurrence of
thunderstorms or precipitation is 30-39% and the
PROB40 group is used when the occurrence of
thunderstorms or precipitation is 40-49%. This is
followed by a four-digit group giving the beginning
hour and ending hour of the time period during which
the thunderstorms or precipitation are expected.
NOTENeither
PROB30 nor PROB40 will be shown during the
first six hours of a forecast.
EXAMPLEPROB40
2102 1/2SM +TSRA . . . . “chance between
2100Z and 0200Z of
visibility one-half
statute mile in
thunderstorms and
heavy rain.”
PROB30 1014 1SM RASN . . . . . . “chance between
1000Z and 1400Z of
visibility one statute
mile in mixed rain
and snow.”
e. Forecast Change Indicators. The following
change indicators are used when either a rapid,
gradual, or temporary change is expected in some or
all of the forecast meteorological conditions. Each
change indicator marks a time group within the TAF
report.
1. From (FM) group. The FM group is used
when a rapid change, usually occurring in less than
one hour, in prevailing conditions is expected.
Typically, a rapid change of prevailing conditions to
more or less a completely new set of prevailing
conditions is associated with a synoptic feature
passing through the terminal area (cold or warm
frontal passage). Appended to the “FM” indicator is
the four-digit hour and minute the change is expected
to begin and continues until the next change group or
until the end of the current forecast.
A “FM” group will mark the beginning of a new line
in a TAF report (indented 5 spaces). Each “FM” group
contains all the required elements-wind, visibility,
weather, and sky condition. Weather will be omitted
in “FM” groups when it is not significant to aviation.
FM groups will not include the contraction NSW.
EXAMPLEFM0100
14010KT P6SM SKC - “after 0100Z, wind
onefour zero at one zero, visibility more than six, sky
clear.”
2. Becoming (BECMG) group. The BECMG
group is used when a gradual change in conditions is
expected over a longer time period, usually two
hours. The time period when the change is expected
is a four‐digit group with the beginning hour and
ending hour of the change period which follows the
BECMG indicator. The gradual change will occur at
an unspecified time within this time period. Only the
changing forecast meteorological conditions are
included in BECMG groups. The omitted conditions
are carried over from the previous time group.
EXAMPLEOVC012
BECMG 1416 BKN020 - “ceiling one thousand
two hundred overcast. Then a gradual change to ceiling
two thousand broken between 1400Z and 1600Z.”
3. Temporary (TEMPO) group. The TEMPO
group is used for any conditions in wind, visibility,
weather, or sky condition which are expected to last
for generally less than an hour at a time (occasional),
and are expected to occur during less than half the
time period. The TEMPO indicator is followed by a
four‐digit group giving the beginning hour and
ending hour of the time period during which the
temporary conditions are expected. Only the
changing forecast meteorological conditions are
included in TEMPO groups. The omitted conditions
are carried over from the previous time group.
2/14/08 AIM
Meteorology 7-1-69
EXAMPLE-
1. SCT030 TEMPO 1923 BKN030 - “three thousand
scattered with occasional ceilings three thousand broken
between 1900Z and 2300Z.”
2. 4SM HZ TEMPO 0006 2SM BR HZ - “visibility four in
haze with occasional visibility two in mist and haze
between 0000Z and 0600Z.”
2/14/08 AIM
Altimeter Setting Procedures 7-2-1
Section 2. Altimeter Setting Procedures
7-2-1. General
a. The accuracy of aircraft altimeters is subject to
the following factors:
1. Nonstandard temperatures of the atmosphere.
2. Nonstandard atmospheric pressure.
3. Aircraft static pressure systems (position
error); and
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