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organizations to manage the system safety program.
Ensure that system safety managers are placed within the organizational structure so that they have the
authority and organizational flexibility to perform effectively.
Ensure that all known hazards and their associated risks are defined, documented, and tracked as a
program policy so that the decision-makers are made aware of the risks being assumed when the system
becomes operational.
Require that an assessment of safety risk be presented as a part of program reviews and at decision
milestones. Make decisions on risk acceptability for the program and accept responsibility for that
decision.
3.6 Safety Order of Precedence
One of the fundamental principles of system safety is the Safety Order of Precedence in eliminating,
controlling or mitigating a hazard. The Safety Order of Precedence is shown in Table 3-7. It will be
referred to several times throughout the remaining chapters of this handbook.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 3: Principles of System Safety
December 30, 2000
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Table 3-7: Safety Order of Precedence
Description Priority Definition
Design for minimum risk. 1 Design to eliminate risks. If the identified risk
cannot be eliminated, reduce it to an acceptable
level through design selection.
Incorporate safety devices. 2 If identified risks cannot be eliminated through
design selection, reduce the risk via the use of
fixed, automatic, or other safety design features
or devices. Provisions shall be made for
periodic functional checks of safety devices.
Provide warning devices. 3 When neither design nor safety devices can
effectively eliminate identified risks or
adequately reduce risk, devices shall be used to
detect the condition and to produce an
adequate warning signal. Warning signals and
their application shall be designed to minimize
the likelihood of inappropriate human reaction
and response. Warning signs and placards shall
be provided to alert operational and support
personnel of such risks as exposure to high
voltage and heavy objects.
Develop procedures and
training.
4 Where it is impractical to eliminate risks
through design selection or specific safety and
warning devices, procedures and training are
used. However, concurrence of authority is
usually required when procedures and training
are applied to reduce risks of catastrophic,
hazardous, major, or critical severity.
Examples:
· Design for Minimum Risk: Design hardware systems in accordance with
FAA-G-2100g, i.e., use low voltage rather than
high voltage where access is provided for
maintenance activities.
· Incorporate Safety Devices If low voltage is unsuitable, provide interlocks.
· Provide warning devices If safety devices are not practical, provide
warning placards
· Develop procedures and training Train maintainers to shut off power before
opening high voltage panels
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 3: Principles of System Safety
December 30, 2000
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opening high voltage panels
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 3: Principles of System Safety
December 30, 2000
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3.7 Behavioral-Based Safety
Safety management must be based on the behavior of people and the organizational culture. Everyone has
a responsibility for safety and should participate in safety management efforts. Modern organization
safety strategy has progressed from “safety by compliance” to more of an appropriate concept of
“prevention by planning”. Reliance on compliance could translate to after-the-fact hazard detection,
which does not identify organizational errors, that are often times, the contributors to accidents.
Modern safety management, i.e.--“system safety management”-- adopts techniques of system theory,
statistical analysis, behavioral sciences and the continuous improvement concept. Two elements critical
to this modern approach are a good organizational safety culture and people involvement.
The establishment of system safety working groups, analysis teams, and product teams accomplishes a
positive cultural involvement when there are consensus efforts to conduct hazard analysis and manage
system safety programs.
Real-time safety analysis is conducted when operational personnel are involved in the identification of
hazards and risks, which is the key to behavioral-based safety. The concept consists of a “train-thetrainer”
format. See chapter 14 for a detailed discussion of how a selected safety team is provided the
necessary tools and is taught how to:
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System Safety Handbook系统安全手册上(88)
