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Alaska Aerospace Development Corporation (AADC). SSI operates the California Spaceport located on
VAFB; SFA the Florida Space Port located on CCAS; VCSFA the Virginia Space Flight Center located
on WFF; and AADC the Kodiak Launch Complex, located on Kodiak Island, Alaska.
13.2 Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST)
AST is divided into three functional components, the office of the Associate Administrator (AST-1), the
Space Systems Development Division (SSDD), and the Licensing and Safety Division (LASD).
13.2.1 The office of the Associate Administrator (AST-1)
AST-1 establishes policy, provides overall direction and guidance to ensures that the divisions function
efficiently and effectively relative to the mandated mission “…to protect the public health and safety and
the safety of property….”
13.2.2 The Space Systems Development Division (SSDD)
The SSDD assess new and improved launch vehicle technology and their impacts upon both the existing
and planned space launch infrastructures. SSDD works with the FAA and DOD Air Traffic Services to
ensure full integration of space transportation flights into the Space and Air Traffic Management System.
SSDD is AST’s interface with the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), other Government
agencies, and the aerospace industry working to create a shared 2010 space launch operations vision and
in the development of the Global Positioning (Satellite) System (GPS) for the guidance of launch vehicles
and tracking at ranges. SSDD is also engaged in analyzes of orbital debris and its impact to current and
future space launch missions and the commercialization of outer space.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 13: Launch Safety
December 30, 2000
13 -2
13.2.3 The Licensing and Safety Division (LASD)
LASD’s primary objective is to carry out AST’s responsibility to ensure public health and safety through
the licensing of commercial space launches and launch site operations, licensing the operation of non-
Federal space launch sites, and determining insurance or other financial responsibility requirements for
commercial launch activities. AST/LASD looks to ensure protection of public health and safety and the
safety of property through its licensing and compliance monitoring processes.
13.3 LICENSING PROCESS
The components of the licensing process include a pre-licensing consultation period, policy review,
payload review, safety evaluation, financial responsibility determination, and an environmental review.
The licensing process components most concerned with the application of system safety methodologies
are the safety evaluation, financial responsibility determination, and environmental determination. A
space launch vehicle requires the expenditure of enormous amounts of energy to develop the thrust and
velocity necessary to put a payload into orbit. The accidental or inadvertent release of that energy could
have equally enormous and catastrophic consequences, both near and far.
13.3.1 Safety Evaluation
It is the applicant’s responsibility to demonstrate that they understand all hazards and risks posed by their
launch operations and how they plan to mitigate them. Hazard mitigation may take the form of safety
devices, protective systems, warning devices, or special procedures.
There are a number of technical analyses; some quantitative and some qualitative, that the applicant may
perform in order to demonstrate that their commercial launch operations will pose no unacceptable threat
to the public. The quantitative analyses tend to focus on 1) the reliability and functions of critical safety
systems, and 2) the hazards associated with the hardware, and the risk those hazards pose to public
property and individuals near the launch site and along the flight path, to satellites and other on-orbit
spacecraft. The most common hazard analyses used for this purpose are Fault Tree Analysis, Failure
Modes and Effects Analysis, and Over-flight Risk and On-Orbit Collision Risk analyses using the Poisson
Probability Distribution. The qualitative analyses focus on the organizational attributes of the applicant
such as launch safety policies and procedures, communications, qualifications of key individuals, and
critical internal and external interfaces.
It is AST/LASD’s responsibility to ensure that the hazard analyses presented by the applicant
demonstrates effective management of accident risks by identifying and controlling the implicit as well as
explicit hazards inherent in the launch vehicle and proposed mission. LASD must evaluate the applicant’s
safety data and safety related hardware/software elements and operations to ascertain that the
demonstrations provided by the applicant are adequate and valid.
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System Safety Handbook系统安全手册上(30)
