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In the early phases of system design or development, functions are allocated to hardware, software, or
people (or they can be shared). For system and software programs (especially NDI/COTS), a market
survey is conducted to reveal what and how candidate systems and software have already made these
functional allocations in ways that do or do not enhance total system performance. Identifying humansystem
performance sensitivities associated with competing vendors/designs lowers technical risks and
lifecycle costs (research, engineering, and development; acquisition and development; and operations
over the economic life of the system). Since operations risks and costs are often much greater than the
costs for research, engineering, and development; early assessment of lifecycle costs and risks has
significant benefit to the total program cost and safety. The early development and application of a
human factors program is an important key to cost containment and risk reduction. Most lifecycle costs
and safety risk components are determined by decisions made during the early phases of the program
management process. Early objectives of the human factors program are to ensure that:
· Human-system capabilities and limitations are properly reflected in the system
requirements
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 17: Human Factors Principles & Practices
August 2, 2000
17 - 3
· Human-system performance characteristics and their associated cost, benefits, and risks
assist in deciding among alternatives (especially since lifecycle operation and support costs
are often largely dependent upon personnel-related costs)
· Human-system performance and safety risks are appropriately addressed in program
baselines
Early in the acquisition program, the investment analysis must identify for each alternative the full
range of human factors and interfaces (e.g., cognitive, organizational, physical, functional,
environmental) necessary to achieve an acceptable level of performance for operating, maintaining, and
supporting the system in concert with meeting the system’s functional requirements. The analysis
should provide information on what is known and unknown about the human-system performance risks
in meeting minimum system performance requirements. Potential human factors/safety issues are listed
at Table 17-1.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 17: Human Factors Principles & Practices
August 2, 2000
17 - 4
Table 17-1: Potential Human Factors/Safety Issues
Early in the program, the following issues may need to be assessed:
· Workload: Operator and maintainer task performance and workload
· Training: Minimized need for operator and maintainer training
· Functional Design: Equipment design for simplicity, consistency with the desired human-system
interface functions, and compatibility with the expected operation and maintenance concepts
· CHI: Standardization of computer-human interface (to address common functions employ similar user
dialogues, interfaces, and procedures)
· Staffing: Accommodation of constraints and opportunities on staffing levels and organizational
structures
· Safety and Health: Prevention of operator and maintainer exposure to safety and health hazards
· Special Skills and Tools: Considerations to minimize the need for special or unique operator or
maintainer skills, abilities, tools, or characteristics
· Work Space: Adequacy of work space for personnel and their tools and equipment, and sufficient
space for the movements and actions they perform during operational and maintenance tasks under normal,
adverse, and emergency conditions
· Displays and Controls: Design and arrangement of displays and controls (to be consistent with the
operator’s and maintainer’s natural sequence of operational actions)
· Information Requirements: Availability of information needed by the operator and maintainer for a
specific task when it is needed and in the appropriate sequence
· Display Presentation: Ability of labels, symbols, colors, terms, acronyms, abbreviations, formats, and
data fields to be consistent across the display sets, and enhance operator and maintainer performance
· Visual/Aural Alerts: Design of visual and auditory alerts (including error messages) to invoke the
necessary operator and maintainer response
· I/O Devices: Capability of input and output devices and methods for performing the task quickly and
accurately, especially critical tasks
· Communications: System design considerations to enhance required user communications and
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System Safety Handbook系统安全手册上(71)
