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accomplished to produce a successful human factors program. The sections offer ways that have proven
successful during previously conducted programs to accomplish the integration of human factors into
acquisition programs.
The critical impact of human factors on safety is well documented in programs, studies, analyses, and
accident and incident investigations. FAA Order 9550.8, Human Factors Policy directs that:
Human factors shall be systematically integrated into the planning and execution of the
functions of all FAA elements and activities associated with system acquisitions and
system operations. FAA endeavors shall emphasize human factors considerations to
enhance system performance and capitalize upon the relative strengths of people and
machines. These considerations shall be integrated at the earliest phases of FAA
projects.
Objectives of the human factors approach should be to: a) Conduct the planning, reviewing,
prioritization, coordination, generation, and updating of valid and timely human factors information to
support agency needs; b) Develop and institutionalize formal procedures that systematically
incorporate human factors considerations into agency activities; and, c) Establish and maintain the
organizational infrastructure that provides the necessary human factors expertise to agency programs.
This chapter will help in that endeavor. Additional information on human factors support and
requirements can be obtained from the AUA and AND Human Factors Coordinators or the Office of
the Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor for Human Factors, AAR-100, (202) 267-7125.
17.1 FAA Human Factors Process Overview
17.1.1 Definition of Human Factors
Human factors is a multidisciplinary effort to generate and compile information about human
capabilities and limitations and apply that information to equipment, systems, software, facilities,
procedures, jobs, environments, training, staffing, and personnel management to produce safe,
comfortable, and effective human performance.
When human factors is applied early in the acquisition process, it enhances the probability of increased
performance, safety, and productivity; decreased lifecycle staffing and training costs; and becomes
well-integrated into the program’s strategy, planning, cost and schedule baselines, and technical tradeoffs.
Changes in operational, maintenance or design concepts during the later phases of a project are
expensive and entail high-risk program adjustments. Identifying lifecycle costs and human
performance components of system operation and maintenance during requirements definition
decreases program risks and long-term operations costs.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 17: Human Factors Principles & Practices
August 2, 2000
17 - 2
17.1.2 The Total System Concept
Experience has proven that when people think of a system or project, they tend to focus on the
tangibles (e.g., hardware and the software) that are acquired. Individuals often fail to visualize that the
“user” (the people who operate and maintain the system) will have different aptitudes, abilities, and
training, and will perform under various operating conditions, organizational structures, procedures,
equipment configurations, and work scenarios. The total composite of these elements and the human
component will determine the safety, performance, and efficiency of the system in the National
Airspace System (NAS).
17.1.3 Total System Performance
The probability that the total system will perform correctly, when it is available, is the probability that
the hardware/ software will perform correctly, times the probability that the operating environment will
not degrade the system operation, times the probability that the user will perform correctly. By
defining total system this way, human performance is identified as a component of the system. A
system can operate perfectly from an engineering sense in a laboratory or at a demonstration site and
then not perform well when it is operated and maintained by the users at a field location. By increasing
the probability that the operator can perform the task effectively in the appropriate environment the
Total System Performance will increase significantly.
Hardware and software design affects both the accuracy of operator task performance and the amount
of time required for each task. Applying human factors principles to the “total system” design will
increase performance accuracy, decrease performance time, and enhance safety. Research has shown
that designing the system to improve human performance is the most cost-effective and safe solution¼
especially if it is done early in the acquisition process.
17.1.4 Early Application of Human Factors
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System Safety Handbook系统安全手册上(70)
