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management processes in as many as 80 percent of reported accidents.
15.9.1 Man
The human factor is the area of greatest variability, and thus the source of the majority of risks.
Selection: The right person psychologically and physically, trained in event proficiency,
procedures and habit patterns.
Performance: Awareness, perceptions, task saturation, distraction, channeled attention, stress,
peer pressure, confidence, insight, adaptive skills, pressure/workload, fatigue (physical,
motivational, sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm).
Personal Factors: Expectancies, job satisfaction, values, families/friends, command/control,
perceived pressure (over tasking) and communication skills.
15.9.2 Media
Media are defined as external, and largely environmental and operational conditions. For
example:
Climatic: Ceiling, visibility, temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation.
Operational: Terrain, wildlife, vegetation, human made obstructions, daylight, and darkness.
Hygienic: Ventilation/air quality, noise/vibration, dust, and contaminants.
Vehicular/Pedestrian: Pavement, gravel, dirt, ice, mud, dust, snow, sand, hills, curves.
15.9.3 Machine
Hardware and software used as intended, limitations interface with man.
Design: Engineering reliability and performance, ergonomics.
Maintenance: Availability of time, tools, and parts, ease of access.
Logistics: Supply, upkeep, and repair.
Technical data: Clear, accurate, useable, and available.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 15: Operational Risk Management
December 30, 2000
15 -
11
15.9.4 Management
Directs the process by defining standards, procedures, and controls. Although management
provides procedures and rules to govern interactions, it cannot completely control the system
elements. For example: weather is not under management control and individual decisions affect
personnel far more than management policies.
Standards: FAA Policy and Orders.
Procedures: Checklists, work cards, and manuals.
Controls: Crew rest, altitude/airspeed/speed limits, restrictions, training rules/limitations.
Operation. The desired outcome.
15.9.5 Mission (Operation)
Objectives: Complexity understood, well defined, obtainable. The results of the interactions of
the other -M’s (Man, Media, Machine, and Management).
Figure 15-4: The 5-M Model
5M model of System Engineering
• Msn - Mission: central
purpose or functions
• Man - Human element
• Mach - Machine: hardware
and software
• Media - Environment:
ambient and operational
environment
• Mgt- Management:
procedures, policies, and
regulations
Man Mach.
Msn
Mgt
Media
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 15: Operational Risk Management
December 30, 2000
15 -
12
15.10 Levels of Risk Management
The risk management process operates on three levels. Although it would be preferable to
perform an in-depth application of risk management for every operation or task, the time and
resources may not always be available. The three levels are as follow:
15.10.1 Time-Critical
Time-critical risk management is an "on the run" mental or verbal review of the situation using
the basic risk management process without necessarily recording the information. This timecritical
process of risk management is employed by personnel to consider risk while making
decisions in a time-compressed situation. This level of risk management is used during the
execution phase of training or operations as well as in planning and execution during crisis
responses. It is also the most easily applied level of risk management in off-duty situations. It is
particularly helpful for choosing the appropriate course of action when an unplanned event occurs
during execution of a planned operation or daily routine.
15.10.2 Deliberate
Deliberate Risk Management is the application of the complete process. It primarily uses
experience and brainstorming to identify risks, hazards and develops controls and is therefore
most effective when done in a group. Examples of deliberate applications include the planning of
upcoming operations, review of standard operating, maintenance, or training procedures, and
damage control or disaster response planning.
15.10.3 Strategic
This is the deliberate process with more thorough hazard identification and risk assessment
involving research of available data, use of diagram and analysis tools, formal testing, or long
term tracking of the risks associated with the system or operation (normally with assistance from
technical experts). It is used to study the hazards and their associated risks in a complex operation
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