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enhanced conflict detection and resolution capabilities, more flexibility to manage flight operations,
greater predictability of the NAS, and better decision-making tools for air traffic controllers and pilots.
The major benefit anticipated for users is greater freedom to choose efficient routes and altitudes,
resulting in savings on fuel and operating costs. To exercise these benefits, there may be a need to
supply traffic information to flight crews, and develop operating methods and tools for both the air and
ground to assure safety. While there have been studies done on new tools developed to display traffic
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 17: Human Factors Principles & Practices
August 2, 2000
17 - 14
information in the cockpit (with its conflict alerting logic) and to support in controller decisions,
investigating how the tools might (safely) work together in a shared separation environment requires
considerable exploration and analysis.
An experiment intended to provide an examination of the effect of shared separation authority on flight
operations when both air and ground have enhanced traffic and conflict alerting systems would
necessarily emphasize identifying and evaluating the human factors impact. Such an evaluation would
require detailed knowledge about how safety, human-system integration, and system-to-system
performance are affected in the following broad areas:
· How automation should be used and how it should not be used
· How to balance the benefits of automation with the requirement for human authority and
responsibility
· What information and feedback operators need to stay aware, in control, and able to intervene into
the new or automated process
· Which are the best methods for selecting, training, and evaluating operators and teams in the
context of the advanced systems and the changing environment
· What policies and procedures will ensure the appropriate use of the new automation and effective
human performance and team coordination
· What formats and interfaces will best support the operator and team performance
· How to ensure the operators of the interacting systems maintain coordination with each other to
maintain and enhance safety and efficiency during all operational activities
· What procedures are necessary to ensure that the appropriate information is applied during all
stages of the development of the new automation applications and operations
· How physiological, psychological, and cultural factors such as fatigue, duty cycles, and concepts
of authority affect operator performance, and what standards and measures need to be applied to
ensure safety and efficiency
· What methods, materials, and configurations to apply to the new systems and operations that will
reduce risks and ensure safety and efficiency during normal, abnormal, and emergency situations.
Many compromises in safety that lead to errors, accidents, or incidents can be attributed to unforeseen
effects of how new technologies, new operational procedures, and changing organizations affect the
human-system and system-to-system interface. Only through the rigorous exploration of these interrelationships,
can the safety of the NAS be ensured.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 17: Human Factors Principles & Practices
August 2, 2000
17 - 15
Figure 17-3: The complexity of human factors increases in system-to-system interfaces
17.7 Human Factors Engineering and Safety Guidelines
Human factors integration in the development and management of a project is a complex one because
of the scope of the human factors considerations, the pervasiveness of human performance issues, and
the difficulty in quantifying performance parameters especially early in the process. However, if given
the proper resources and discipline, the process has proven to be successful in lowering lifecycle costs,
improving overall system safety and performance, and reducing program technical risks. The human
factors engineering process encompasses efforts related to the design, development, manufacturing,
verification, deployment, operations, support, and disposal of system products and processes.
Overarching principles include those that adhere to the summary guidelines and principles of Table 17-
2. Some key human factors references that may be useful to the practitioner are listed in Table 17-3.
Products that accommodate human interfaces:
- Detailed displays & controls
- Screen layout and design
- User inputs & commands; information processing
- Physical and cognitive demands
- Product usability
Systems that accommodate human-system interfaces:
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