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- Workstation ergonomics
- Decision aiding; training & procedure development
- Individual workload; job design
- Product-product compatibility
- System usability
A system of systems that accommodates multi-system human requirements:
- Organizational structures; staffing levels
- Communication; coordination; team workload & performance
- Training strategies and resource requirements
- System-system compatibility
- NAS usability
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 17: Human Factors Principles & Practices
August 2, 2000
17 - 16
Table 17-2: Overarching Human Factors Guidelines/Principles
Overarching Human Factors Principles
1. Honor The User (The user defines requirements – but only in a structured, data-driven way.)
2. To Err Is Human (People are not machines; machines are not perfect; design the interface to tolerate
errors of both.)
3. Human Factors Is Not Free (Plan the resources for human factors program support.)
4. Human Factors Requires Experts (The application of human factors engineering is neither easy, nor
common sense -- except in retrospect of an incident or accident or poor design; co-locate human factors
resources near the project/program teams they serve.)
5. People Are the Same; Individuals Are Different (Design for people sameness & tolerance of measured
differences, especially in their skill and performance.)
6. Early Operator and Maintainer Decisions Drive Safety and Lifecycle Support Costs (Identify early in
the program development process a requirement to subject every product to an "Out-of-Box" human factors
study.)
7. Operator and Maintainer Skill Is a Function of Aptitude and Training (Training is part of the system
engineering and safety performance package.)
8. Performance Is Measured in Terms of Time and Accuracy (Performance is a matter of degree --
quantitatively and qualitatively determined; test for human performance early and often.)
9. Task Safety & Performance Are Determined by the Design (Designs can improve or detract from task
safety and performance.)
10. Operator and Maintainer Performance Affect System Performance (How people use the system IS
the measure of the system’s capabilities and risks.)
Table 17-3: Key Human Factors References
· FAA Order 9550.8, Human Factors Policy (October 1993)
· FAA Human Factors Design Guide (January 1996)
· MIL-STD-1472F, DOD Design Criteria Standard: Human Engineering (23 August 1999)
· MIL-HDBK-759, Human Engineering Design Guidelines (February 1997)
· MIL-HDBK-46855A, Human Engineering Guidelines for Military Systems, Equipment, and Facilities (17 May
1999)
· Cardosi, K. M., & Murphy, E. D. (Eds.). (1996). Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of ATC
Systems: A Handbook for FAA User Teams. Washington, DC: USDOT/FAA.
· Federal Aviation Administration. (1995). The National Plan for Civil Aviation Human Factors.
Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration.
· National Research Council (1997). Flight to the Future: Human Factors in Air Traffic Control.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
· National Research Council (1998). The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 2: System Safety Policy and Process
December 30, 2000
2- 1
Chapter 2: System Safety Policy and Process
2.1 FAA POLICIES...................................................................................................................................2
2.2 THE FAA SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS....................................................................3
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 2: System Safety Policy and Process
December 30, 2000
2- 2
2.0 System Safety Policy and Process
This section describes the System Safety policies and processes used within the FAA.
2.1 FAA policies
The primary policy governing safety risk management and system safety is formal in the FAA. Order 8040.4
and the Acquisition Management System (AMS). Note there are many other orders associated with safety.
When it is applicable to discuss them, the appropriate reference has been provided in the applicable section.
2.1.1 FAA Order 8040.4
This order sets requirements for the implementation of safety risk management within the FAA and
establishes the FAA Safety Risk Management Committee (SRMC).
Safety risk management
The order requires the FAA-wide implementation of safety risk management in a formalized, disciplined,
and documented manner for all high-consequence decisions. Each program office and Line of Business
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