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or system, or one in which the hazards are not well understood. Examples of strategic
applications include the long-term planning of complex operations, introduction of new
equipment, materials and operational, development of tactics and training curricula, high risk
facility construction, and major system overhaul or repair. Strategic risk management should be
used on high priority or high visibility risks.
15.11 ORM Process Expansion
Many aspects of the ORM process utilize the same risk management tools described throughout
this handbook. There are some unique contributions and issues in the ORM process which are
expanded in this section.
15.11.1 Hazard identification expansion
Hazard identification, the foundation of the entire ORM process, and ans analysis of control
measures require further expansion. Figure 15-3 depicts the actions necessary to identify hazards.
Specifically, identify hazards associated with these three categories:
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 15: Operational Risk Management
December 30, 2000
15 -
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Operational or System Degradation.
Injury or Death.
Property Damage.
Action 1—Task Analysis
The 5-M’s are examined. This is accomplished by reviewing current and planned operations.
Management defines requirements and conditions to accomplish the tasks. Construct a list or
chart depicting the major phases of the operation or steps in the job process, normally in time
sequence. Break the operation down into ’bite size’ chunks.
Some tools that will help perform operation/task analysis are:
Operations Analysis/Flow Diagram
Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
Multi-linear Events Sequence (MES)
Action 2—List Hazards
Hazards are identified based on the deficiency to be corrected and the definition of the operation
and system requirements. The output of the identification phase is a listing of inherent hazards or
adverse conditions and the accidents, which could result. Examples of inherent hazards in any one
of the elements include fire, explosion, and collision with ground, wind, or electrocution. The
analysis must also search for factors that can lead to hazards such as alertness, ambiguity, or
escape route. In addition to a hazard list for the elements above, interfaces between or among
these elements should be investigated for hazards. Make a list of the hazards associated with each
phase of the operation or step in the job process. Stay focused on the specific steps in the
operation being analyzed. Try to limit your list to "big picture" hazards. Hazards should be
tracked on paper or in a computer spreadsheet/database system to organize ideas and serve as a
record of the analysis for future use. Tools that help list hazards are:
Preliminary Hazard Analysis
“What if” Tool
Scenario Process Tool
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 15: Operational Risk Management
December 30, 2000
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Logic Diagram
Change Analysis Tool
Opportunity Assessment
Training Realism Assessment.
Figure 15-3. Identify Hazards Actions
ACTIONS FOR STEP 1 – IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS
Action 3—List Causes
Make a list of the causes associated with each hazard identified in the hazard list. A hazard may
have multiple causes related to each of the 5-M’s. In each case, try to identify the root cause (the
first link in the chain of events leading to operational degradation, personnel injury, death, or
property damage). Risk controls can be effectively applied to root causes. Causes should be
annotated with the associated hazards in the same paper or computer record mentioned in the
previous action. The same tools for Action 2 can be used here.
Strategic Tools
If time and resources permit, and additional hazard information is required, use strategic hazard
analysis tools. These are normally used for medium and long term planning, complex operations,
or operations in which the hazards are not well understood.
The first step of in-depth analysis should be to examine existing databases or available historical
and hazard information regarding the operation. Suggested tools are:
Accident analysis
Cause and effect diagrams
The following tools are particularly useful for complex, coordinated operations in which multiple
units, participants, and system components and simultaneous events are involved:
Multi-linear event sequence (MES).
Interface analysis.
Failure mode and effect analysis.
ACTION 1:
TASK
ACTION 2:
LIST HAZARDS
ACTION 3:
LIST CAUSES
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 15: Operational Risk Management
December 30, 2000
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