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devices, or change procedures and training. This order of preference makes perfect sense while
the system is still being designed, but once the system is fielded this approach is frequently not
cost effective. Redesigning to eliminate a risk or add safety or warning devices is both expensive
and time consuming and, until the retrofit is completes, the risk remains unabated.
Normally, revising operational or support procedures may be the lowest cost alternative. While
this does not eliminate the risk, it may significantly reduce the likelihood of an accident or the
severity of the outcome (risk) and the change can usually be implemented quickly. Even when a
redesign is planned, interim changes in procedures or maintenance requirements are usually
required. In general, these changes may be as simple as improving training, posting warnings, or
improving operator or technician qualifications. Other options include preferred parts substitutes,
instituting or changing time change requirements, or increased inspections.
The feasible alternatives must be evaluated, balancing their costs and expected benefits in terms
of operational performance, dollars and continued risk exposure during implementation. A
completed risk assessment should clearly define these tradeoffs for the decision-maker.
Some Special Considerations in Risk Control. The following factors should be considered
when applying the third step of ORM.
Try to apply risk controls only in those activities and to those who are actually at risk. Too often
risk controls are applied indiscriminately across an organization leading to wasted resources and
unnecessary irritation of busy operational personnel.
Apply redundant risk controls when practical and cost effective. If the first line of defense fails,
the back up risk control(s) may prevent loss.
Involve operational personnel, especially those likely to be directly impacted by a risk control, in
the selection and development of risk controls whenever possible. This involvement will result in
better risk controls and in general a more positive risk control process.
Benchmark (find best practices in other organizations) as extensively as possible to reduce the
cost associated with the development of risk controls. Why expend the time and resources
necessary to develop a risk control and then have to test it in application when you may be able to
find an already complete, validated approach in another organization?
Establish a timeline to guide the integration of the risk control into operational processes.
Action 4 — Implement Risk Controls
Once the risk control decision is made, assets must be made available to implement the specific
controls. Part of implementing control measures is informing the personnel in the system of the
risk management process results and subsequent decisions. If there is a disagreement, then the
decision-makers should provide a rational explanation. Careful documentation of each step in the
risk management process facilitates risk communication and the rational processes behind
risk management decisions. Figure 15-6 depicts the actions necessary to complete this step.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 15: Operational Risk Management
December 30, 2000
15 -
18
Figure 15-6: Actions to Implement Risk Controls
ACTIONS FOR STEP 4—IMPLEMENT RISK CONTROLS
STEP1:
MAKE IMPLEMENTATIONCLEAR
STEP2:
ESTABLISHACCOUNTABILITY
STEP3:
PROVIDESUPPORT
Step 1—Make Implementation Clear
To make the implementation directive clear, consider using examples, providing pictures or
charts, including job aids, etc. Provide a roadmap for implementation, a vision of the end-state,
and describe successful implementation. The control measure must be deployed in a method that
insures it will be received positively by the intended audience. This can best be achieved by
designing in user ownership.
Step 2—Establish Accountability
Accountability is an important area of ORM. The accountable person is the one who makes the
decision (approves the control measures), and hence, the right person (appropriate level) must
make the decision. Also, be clear on who is responsible at the unit level for implementation of the
risk control.
Step 3—Provide Support
To be successful, management must be behind the control measures put in place. Prior to
implementing a control measure, get approval at the appropriate level. Then, explore appropriate
ways to demonstrate commitment Provide the personnel and resources necessary to implement
the control measures. Design in sustainability from the beginning and be sure to deploy the
control measure along with a feedback mechanism that will provide information on whether the
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System Safety Handbook系统安全手册上(62)
