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operational performance.
· Leverage human factors data collection by integrating efforts with system performance data
collection.
· Make recommendations for human factors design and implementation changes and human
performance improvements.
Providing human factors in system testing entails an early start and a continuous process. Figure 17-2
illustrates the flow of this process.
A
B
C
System
Function
Human
Tasks
Critical
Tasks
Map to
Effectiveness
&
Suitability
Measures
Design &
Integrate
Data
Collection
Conduct
Task
Performance
Analysis
P(Task Error)
Mean Time
to Complete
Task
Crosswalk with
Time & Accuracy
Measurements
done on System
Suitability and
Effectiveness
Compute % effect Human
Performance has on System
Effectiveness and
Suitability
(Time & Accuracy)
Develop Conclusions
Task Overloading
Manpower #s
Skill Creep
Safety & Health
Procedures
Make recommendations
Design Changes
Staffing & Training “fixes”
EVALUATE
Human Performance Test and Evaluation
Figure 17-2: Process for providing human factors in system testing
Human engineering testing is incorporated into the project test and evaluation program and is
integrated into engineering design and development tests, demonstrations, acceptance tests, fielding and
other implementation assessments. Compliance with human engineering requirements should be tested
as early as possible. Human engineering findings from design reviews, mockup inspections,
demonstrations, and other early engineering tests should be used in planning and conducting later tests.
Human engineering test planning is directed toward verifying that the system can be operated,
maintained, and supported by user personnel in its intended operational environment.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Chapter 17: Human Factors Principles & Practices
August 2, 2000
17 - 13
Human engineering test planning should also consider data needed or to be provided by operational test
and evaluation. Test planning includes methods of testing (e.g., use of checklists, data sheets, test
participant descriptors, questionnaires, operating procedures, and test procedures), schedules,
quantitative measures, test criteria and reporting processes. Human engineering portions of tests
include:
· Performance of task or mission;
· Critical tasks;
· Representative samples of non-critical, scheduled and unscheduled maintenance tasks;
· Personnel who are representative of the range of the intended user populations;
· Proposed job aids, new equipment training programs; training equipment, and special support
equipment;
· Collection of task performance data in actual operational environments;
· Identification of discrepancies between required and obtained task performance; and
· Criteria for acceptable performance.
Unfavorable outcomes occurring during test and evaluation are subjected to a human engineering
review to differentiate between failures of the equipment alone, failures resulting from human-system
incompatibilities and failures due to human error. Human-system incompatibilities and human errors
occurring in the performance of critical tasks are analyzed to determine the reason for their occurrence
and to propose corrective action(s).
17.6 Human Factors in System-to-System Interfaces
While the scope of human factors considerations for the development of acquisition product is
obviously broad and complex, the application of human factors for the integration of systems within
the National Airspace System is exponentially more complicated. Even beyond the increased scope of
human factors demonstrated by Figure 17-3, maintaining the coordination, communication, situational
awareness, and common understanding in the dynamic and interactive NAS demands sophisticated
approaches to the research and engineering of the human component of system-to-system interfaces.
For example, ‘Free Flight’ as described by the RTCA Task Force 3, provides a concept that suggests
placing more responsibility on flight crews to maintain safe separation from other aircraft in the NAS.
This idea could potentially shift aircraft separation responsibility from controllers to flight crews
creating a ‘shared separation’ authority environment. The guiding principle of the Free Flight concept
is to provide benefits to users and providers. Some of the benefits include improved safety through
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System Safety Handbook系统安全手册上(77)
