曝光台 注意防骗
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As a general guideline, deceleration considerations
typically add 1 NM of distance for each ten knots of
speed reduction required.
INTERPRETING THE STAR
STARs use much of the same symbology as departure
and approach charts. In fact, a STAR may at first appear
identical to a similar graphic DP, except the direction of
flight is reversed and the procedure ends at an approach
fix. The STAR officially begins at the common
NAVAID, intersection, or fix where all the various transitions to the arrival come together. A STAR transition
is a published segment used to connect one or more en
route airways, jet routes, or RNAV routes to the basic
STAR procedure. It is one of several routes that bring
traffic from different directions into one STAR. This
way, arrivals from several directions can be accommodated on the same chart, and traffic flow is routed
appropriately within the congested airspace.
To illustrate how STARs can be used to simplify a
complex clearance and reduce frequency congestion,
consider the following arrival clearance issued to a pilot
flying to Seattle, Washington, depicted in Figure 4-15
on page 4-17: “Cessna 32G, cleared to the
Seattle/Tacoma International Airport as filed. Maintain
12,000. At the Ephrata VOR intercept the 221° radial to
CHINS Intersection. Intercept the 284° radial of the
Yakima VOR to RADDY Intersection. Cross RADDY at
10,000. Continue via the Yakima 284° radial to AUBRN
Intersection. Expect radar vectors to the final approach
course.”
Now consider how this same clearance is issued when a
STAR exists for this terminal area. “Cessna 32G,
4-16
cleared to Seattle/Tacoma International Airport as filed,
then CHINS FOUR ARRIVAL, Ephrata Transition.
Maintain 10,000 feet.” A shorter transmission conveys
the same information.
Safety is enhanced when both pilots and controllers
know what to expect. Effective communication
increases with the reduction of repetitive clearances,
decreasing congestion on control frequencies. To
accomplish this, STARs are developed according to the
following criteria:
• STARs must be simple, easily understood and, if possible,
limited to one page.
• A STAR transition should be able to accommodate
as many different types of aircraft as possible.
• VORTACs are used wherever possible, with some
exceptions on RNAV STARs, so that military and
civilian aircraft can use the same arrival.
• DME arcs within a STAR should be avoided since
not all aircraft in the IFR environment are so
equipped.
• Altitude crossing and airspeed restrictions are
included when they are assigned by ATC a majority of the time. [Figure 4-16 on page 4-18]
Figure 4-14. Arrival Charts.
4-17
STARs usually are named according to the point at
which the procedure begins. In the U.S., typically there
are en route transitions before the STAR itself. So the
STAR name is usually the same as the last fix on the en
route transitions where they come together to begin the
basic STAR procedure. A STAR that commences at the
CHINS Intersection becomes the CHINS ONE
ARRIVAL. When a significant portion of the arrival is
revised, such as an altitude, a route, or data concerning
the NAVAID, the number of the arrival changes. For
example, the CHINS ONE ARRIVAL is now the CHINS
FOUR ARRIVAL due to modifications in the procedure.
Studying the STARs for an airport may allow you to perceive the specific topography of the area. Note the initial
fixes and where they correspond to fixes on the NACO
en route or area chart. Arrivals may incorporate stepdown fixes when necessary to keep aircraft within
airspace boundaries, or for obstacle clearance.
Routes between fixes contain courses, distances, and
minimum altitudes, alerting you to possible obstructions or terrain under your arrival path. Airspeed
restrictions also appear where they aid in managing
the traffic flow. In addition, some STARs require that
you use DME and/or ATC radar. You can decode the
symbology on the PAWLING TWO ARRIVAL
depicted in Figure 4-17 on page 4-18 by referring to
the legend at the beginning of the NACO Terminal
Procedures Publication.
The CHINS FOUR
ARRIVAL starts at
CHINS Intersection.
RADDY
CHINS
The primary arrival airport is Seattle-
Tacoma International. Other airports
may be served by the procedure, such as
Boeing Field/King County International.
Lost communication procedures
are included when needed for
obstacle clearance. Otherwise,
follow the standard lost communication procedure.
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(94)
