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VORs, and LORAN are being
phased out. As a result, new procedures are being introduced,
including RNP, RVSM, and
minimum navigation performance specifications (MNPS).
ICAO defines an RNP “X” specification as requiring on-board
performance monitoring and
alerting. Even such terms as
gross navigation errors
(GNEs) are being introduced
into the navigation equation. If
you commit a GNE in the
North Atlantic oceanic region
of more than 25 NM laterally
or 300 feet vertically, it has a
detrimental effect on the overall targeted level of safety of
the ATC airspace system in
this region. This applies to
commercial operators, as well
as Part 91 operators, all of
whom must be knowledgeable
on procedures for operations
in North Atlantic airspace,
contained in the North Atlantic
MNPS Operations Manual.
RNP types are identified by a single accuracy value.
For example, RNP 1 refers to a required navigation
performance accuracy within 1 NM of the desired
flight path at least 95 percent of the flying time.
Countries around the world are establishing required
navigation performance values. For Federal Airways
in the U.S. that extend 4 NM from either side of the
airway centerline, the airway has an equivalent RNP
of 2. Figure 3-42 on page 3-38 shows ICAO RNP containment parameters, including reference to lateral
and longitudinal total system errors (TSEs).
RNP requires you to learn new procedures, communications, and limitations; and to learn new terminology
that defines and describes navigation concepts. One of
Figure 3-41. IFR Transition Routes in the A po t / Fac yD ec o y .
3-38
these terms is RNP Airspace, a generic term designating airspace, routes, legs, operations, or procedures
where minimum RNP has been established. P-RNAV
represents a 95 percent containment value of ±1 NM.
B-RNAV provides a 95 percent containment value of
±5 NM. RNP is a function of RNAV equipment that
calculates, displays, and provides lateral guidance
to a profile or path. Estimated position error (EPE)
is a measure of your current estimated navigational
performance, also referred to as actual navigation
performance (ANP).
RNP RNAV is an industry-expanded specification
beyond ICAO-defined RNP. Some of the benefits of
RNP RNAV includes being an aid in both separation
and collision risk assessment. RNP RNAV can further
reduce route separation. Figure 3-43 depicts route separation, that can now be reduced to four times the RNP
value, which further increases route capacity within the
same airspace. The containment limit quantifies the
navigation performance where the probability of an
unannunciated deviation greater than 2 x RNP is less
than 1 x 10
-5
. This means that the pilot will be alerted
when the TSE can be greater than the containment
limit. Figure 3-44 shows the U.S. RNP RNAV levels by
airspace control regions, including RNP 2 for the en
route phase of flight, and Figure 3-45 on page 3-40
illustrates the U.S. standard RNP (95%) levels.
REDUCED VERTICAL
SEPARATION MINIMUMS
In 1960, the minimum vertical separation between airplanes
above FL 290 was officially increased to 2,000 feet. This
was necessary because of the relatively large errors in barometric altimeters at high altitudes. Since that time, increased
air traffic worldwide has begun to approach (and sometimes
exceed) the capacity of the most popular high-altitude
routes. Likewise, very accurate altitude determination by
satellite positioning systems makes it possible to change the
minimum vertical separation for properly equipped airplanes back to the pre-1960 standard of 1,000 feet. [Figure
3-46 on page 3-41] RVSM airspace is any airspace between
FL 290 and FL 410 inclusive, where airplanes are separated
by 1,000 feet vertically. In the early 1980’s, programs
were established to study the concept of reduced vertical separation minimums (RVSM). RVSM was found
to be technically feasible without imposing unreasonable requirements on equipment. RVSM is the most
effective way to increase airspace capacity to cope with
traffic growth. Most of the preferred international and
domestic flight routes are under both RVSM and RNP
RNAV rules.
{
{
{
{
Distance to Waypoint
True
Aircraft
Position
Lateral TSE
= RNP Type
Lateral TSE
= RNP Type
Longitudinal TSE
= RNP Type
Longitudinal TSE
= RNP Type
Nav System
Indicated
Position
Desired
Flight Path
Inside the box
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(81)
