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with its work in developing new procedures necessary
for changing traffic patterns and aircraft with enhanced
capabilities, and also in identifying traffic flow constraints that can be eliminated. This work supports the
FAA’s Operational Evolution Plan in the near-term.
Rapid changes in technology in the area of navigation
performance, including the change from ground-based
area navigation systems, provide the foundation for aviation’s global evolution. This progress will be marked by
combining all elements of communication, navigation,
and surveillance (CNS) with air traffic management
(ATM) into tomorrow’s CNS/ATM based systems. The
future CNS/ATM operating environment will be based
on navigation defined by geographic waypoints
expressed in latitude and longitude since instrument
procedures and flight routes will not require aircraft to
overfly ground-based navigation aids defining specific
points.
APPLICATION OF AREA NAVIGATION
RNAV airways provide more direct routings than the
current VOR-based airway system, giving pilots easier
access through terminal areas, while avoiding the circuitous routings now common in many busy Class B
areas. RNAV airways are a critical component to the
transition from ground-based navigation systems to GPS
navigation. RNAV routes help maintain the aircraft flow
through busy terminals by segregating arrival or departure traffic away from possibly interfering traffic flows.
Further, RNAV provides the potential for increasing airspace capacity both en route and in the terminal area in
several important ways.
Strategic use of RNAV airways nationwide is reducing
the cost of flying and providing aircraft owners more
benefits from their IFR-certified GPS receivers. Several
scenarios have been identified where RNAV routes provide a substantial benefit to users.
• Controllers are assigning routes that do not require
overflying ground-based NAVAIDs such as VORs.
• The lateral separation between aircraft tracks is
being reduced.
• RNAV routes lower altitude minimums on existing
Victor airways where ground-based NAVAID performance (minimum reception altitude) required
higher minimums.
2
A release time is a departure restriction issued to a pilot by ATC, specifying the earliest and latest time an aircraft may depart.
3
The runway release time assigned to an aircraft in a controlled departure time program and shown on the flight progress strip as an EDCT.
1-12
• RNAV routes may allow continued use of existing
airways where the ground-based NAVAID has
been decommissioned or where the signal is no
longer suitable for en route navigation.
• The route structure can be modified quickly and
easily to meet the changing requirements of the
user community.
• Shorter, simpler routes can be designed to minimize environmental impact.
Dozens of new RNAV routes have been designated, and
new ones are being added continuously. In order to designate RNAV airways, the FAA developed criteria, en
route procedures, procedures for airway flight checks,
and created new charting specifications. Some of the
considerations include:
• Navigation infrastructure (i.e., the ground-based
and space-based navigation positioning systems)
provides adequate coverage for the proposed
route/procedure.
• Navigation coordinate data meets International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) accuracy and
integrity requirements. This means that all of the
coordinates published in the Aeronautical
Information Publication (AIP) and used in the aircraft navigation databases must be referenced to
WGS 84, and the user must have the necessary
assurance that this data has not been corrupted or
inadvertently modified.
• Airborne systems meet airworthiness performance
for use on the RNAV routes and procedures.
• Flight crews have the necessary approval to operate on the RNAV routes and procedures.
In the future, as aircraft achieve higher levels of navigation accuracy and integrity, closely spaced parallel
routes may be introduced, effectively multiplying the
number of available routes between terminal areas.
RNAV can be used in all phases of flight and, when
implemented correctly, results in:
• Improved situational awareness for the pilot.
• Reduced workloads for both controller and pilot.
• Reduced environmental impact from improved
route and procedure designs.
• Reduced fuel consumption from shorter, more
direct routes.
For example, take the situation at Philadelphia
International Airport, located in the middle of some
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(17)
