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AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTERS
The Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)
encompasses the en route air traffic control system
air/ground radio communications, that provides safe
and expeditious movement of aircraft operating on IFR
within the controlled airspace of the Center. ARTCCs
provide the central authority for issuing IFR clearances
and nationwide monitoring of each IFR flight. This
applies primarily to the en route phase of flight, and
includes weather information and other inflight services. There are 20 ARTCCs in the conterminous United
States (U.S.), and each Center contains between 20 to
80 sectors, with their size, shape, and altitudes determined by traffic flow, airway structure, and workload.
Appropriate radar and communication sites are connected to the Centers by microwave links and telephone
lines. [Figure 3-1 on page 3-2]
The CFRs require the pilot in command under IFR in
controlled airspace to continuously monitor an appropriate Center or control frequency. When climbing after
takeoff, an IFR flight is either in contact with a radarequipped local departure control or, in some areas, an
ARTCC facility. As a flight transitions to the en route
phase, pilots typically expect a handoff from departure
control to a Center frequency if not already in contact
with the Center. The FAA National Aeronautical
Charting Office (NACO) publishes en route charts
depicting Centers and sector frequencies, as shown in
Figure 3-2 on page 3-2. During handoff from one Center
to another, the previous controller assigns a new frequency. In cases where flights may be still out of range,
the Center frequencies on the face of the chart are very
helpful. In Figure 3-2 on page 3-2, notice the boundary
between Memphis and Atlanta Centers, and the
remoted sites with discrete very high frequency (VHF)
and ultra high frequency (UHF) for communicating
with the appropriate ARTCC. These Center frequency
boxes can be used for finding the nearest frequency
within the aircraft range. They also can be used
3-2
for making initial contact with the Center for clearances.
The exact location for the Center transmitter is not
shown, although the frequency box is placed as close as
possible to the known location.
During the en route phase, as a flight transitions from
one Center facility to the next, a handoff or transfer of
control is required as previously described. The handoff procedure is similar to the handoff between other
Cleveland
Center
Albuquerque
Center
Seattle
Center
Atlanta Center
Chicago
Center
Boston Center
Washington Center (DC)
Denver Center
Fort Worth Center
Houston Center
Indianapolis
Center
Jacksonville Center
Kansas City Center
Los Angeles Center
Salt Lake City
Center
Miami Center
Memphis
Center
Minneapolis Center
New York
Center
ZID
ZMP
ZOB
ZBW
ZNY
ZNY
ZDC
ZAU
ZKC
ZME
ZTL
ZJX
ZMA
ZHU
ZFW
ZAB
ZDV
ZLA
ZOA
ZLC
ZSE
Oakland Center
Honolulu
Center
ZHN
Anchorage
Center
ZAN
Figure 3-1. Air Route Traffic Control Centers.
Figure 3-2. ARTCC Centers and Sector Frequencies.
3-3
radar facilities, such as departure or approach control.
During the handoff, the controller whose airspace is
being vacated issues instructions that include the name
of the facility to contact, appropriate frequency, and
other pertinent remarks.
Accepting radar vectors from controllers does not relieve
pilots of their responsibility for safety of flight. Pilots
must maintain a safe altitude and keep track of their position, and it is their obligation to question controllers,
request an amended clearance, or, in an emergency, deviate from their instructions if they believe that the safety
of flight is in doubt. Keeping track of altitude and position when climbing, and during all other phases of flight,
are basic elements of situational awareness. Aircraft
equipped with an enhanced ground proximity warning
system (EGPWS) or terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS) and traffic alert and collision avoidance
system (TCAS) help pilots detect and correct unsafe altitudes and traffic conflicts. Regardless of equipment,
pilots must always maintain situational awareness
regarding their location and the location of traffic in their
vicinity.
PREFERRED IFR ROUTES
A system of preferred IFR routes helps pilots, flight
crews, and dispatchers plan a route of flight to minimize route changes, and to aid in the efficient, orderly
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(58)
