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receivers and flight management systems
(FMSs), both with and without VNAV. It is also
important to note that only one of each type of
approach for a runway, including ILS, VHF
omnidirectional range (VOR), non-directional
beacon (NDB), etc., can be coded into a database.
CIRCLING ONLY PROCEDURES
Approaches that do not have straight-in landing
minimums are identified by the type of approach
followed by a letter. Examples in Figure 5-7 show
four procedure titles at the same airport that have
only circling minimums.
As can be seen from the example, the first approach of
this type created at the airport will be labeled with the
letter A, and the lettering will continue in alphabetical
Figure 5-5. Chart Identification.
Figure 5-4. Pilot Briefing Information NACO Chart Format.
5-9
Figure 5-6. Multiple Approaches.
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order. Circling-only approaches are normally designed
for one of the following reasons:
• The final approach course alignment with the
runway centerline exceeds 30 degrees.
• The descent gradient is greater than 400 feet per
NM from the FAF to the threshold crossing
height (TCH). When this maximum gradient is
exceeded, the circling only approach procedure
may be designed to meet the gradient criteria limits. This does not preclude a straight-in landing if
a normal descent and landing can be made in
accordance with the applicable CFRs.
AREA NAVIGATION APPROACHES
VOR distance-measuring equipment (DME) RNAV
approach procedures that use collocated VOR and DME
information to construct RNAV approaches are named
“VOR/DME RNAV RWY XX,” where XX stands for the
runway number for which the approach provides guidance. Sometimes referred to as “station mover”
approaches, these procedures were the first RNAV
approaches issued by the FAA. They enable specific
VOR/DME RNAV equipment to create waypoints on the
final approach path by virtually “moving” the VOR a
specific DME distance along a charted radial. [Figure 5-8]
GPS overlay procedures that are based on pre-existing
nonprecision approaches contain the wording “or GPS”
in the title. For instance, the title “VOR/DME or GPS
A” denotes that throughout the GPS approach, the
underlying ground-based NAVAIDs are not required to
Figure 5-8. VOR/DME RNAV Approach Chart.
Figure 5-7. Procedures without Straight-in Landing Minimums.
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be operational and associated aircraft avionics need not
be installed, operational, turned on, or monitored.
[Figure 5-9] Monitoring of the underlying approach is
suggested when equipment is available and functional.
The procedure can be used as a GPS approach or as a
traditional VOR/DME approach and may be requested
using “GPS” or “VOR/DME,” such as “GPS A” for the
VOR/DME or GPS A. As previously mentioned, the
“A” in the title shows that this is a circling approach
without straight-in minimums. Many GPS overlay procedures have been replaced by stand-alone GPS or
RNAV (GPS) procedures.
Stand-alone GPS procedures are not based on any other
procedures, but they may replace other procedures. The
naming convention used for stand-alone GPS
approaches is “GPS RWY XX.” The coding for the
approach in the database does not accommodate multisensor FMSs because these procedures are designed
only to accommodate aircraft using GPS equipment.
These procedures will eventually be converted to
RNAV (GPS) approaches. [Figure 5-10 on page 5-12]
RNAV (GPS) approach procedures have been developed in an effort to accommodate all RNAV systems,
including multi-sensor FMSs used by airlines and
corporate operators. RNAV (GPS) IAPs are authorized as stand-alone approaches for aircraft equipped
with RNAV systems that contain an airborne navigation database and are certified for instrument
approaches. GPS systems require that the coding for a
GPS approach activate the receiver autonomous
integrity monitoring (RAIM) function, which is not a
requirement for other RNAV equipment. The RNAV
procedures are coded with both the identifier for a
GPS approach and the identifier for an RNAV
approach so that both systems can be used. In addition, so that the chart name, air traffic control (ATC)
clearance, and database record all match, the charted
title of these procedures uses both “RNAV” and
“(GPS),” with GPS in parentheses. “GPS” is not
included in the ATC approach clearance for these procedures.
RNP, a refinement of RNAV, is part of a collaborative
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(105)
