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radial position lines cross on a route, usually intersecting at a good angle for positive indication of position,
resulting in a VOR/VOR fix.
Landing Distance Available (LDA) – ICAO defines
LDA as the length of runway, which is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane
landing.
Lateral Navigation (LNAV) – Azimuth navigation,
without positive vertical guidance. This type of navigation is associated with nonprecision approach procedures or en route.
Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) – LAAS
further increases the accuracy of GPS and improves
signal integrity warnings.
Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV)
– LPV is one of the four lines of approach minimums
found on an RNAV (GPS) approach chart. Lateral guidance accuracy is equivalent to a localizer. The HAT is
published as a DA since it uses an electronic glide path
that is not dependent on any ground equipment or barometric aiding and may be as low as 200 feet and
1
/ 2 SM
visibility depending on the airport terrain and infrastructure. WAAS avionics approved for LPV is required.
Baro-VNAV is not authorized to fly the LPV line of minimums on a RNAV (GPS) procedure since it uses an
internally generated descent path that is subject to cold
temperature effects and incorrect altimeter settings.
C-10
ment, RNAV low or high route, or other direct route
applies to the entire width of the airway, segment, or
route between the radio fixes defining the airway, segment, or route.
Minimum IFR Altitude (MIA) – Minimum altitudes
for IFR operations are prescribed in Part 91. These
MIAs are published on NACO charts and prescribed in
Part 95 for airways and routes, and in Part 97 for standard instrument approach procedures.
Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications
(MNPS) – A set of standards which require aircraft to
have a minimum navigation performance capability in
order to operate in MNPS designated airspace. In addition, aircraft must be certified by their State of Registry
for MNPS operation. Under certain conditions, non-
MNPS aircraft can operate in MNPS airspace, however,
standard oceanic separation minima is provided
between the non-MNPS aircraft and other traffic.
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA)
– The MOCA is the lowest published altitude in effect
between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes,
or route segments that meets obstacle clearance
requirements for the entire route segment. This altitude
also assures acceptable navigational signal coverage
only within 22 NM of a VOR.
Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA) – An MRA is
determined by FAA flight inspection traversing an
entire route of flight to establish the minimum altitude
the navigation signal can be received for the route and
for off-course NAVAID facilities that determine a fix.
When the MRA at the fix is higher than the MEA, an
MRA is established for the fix, and is the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined.
Minimum Safe Altitudes (MSA) – MSAs are published for emergency use on IAP charts. For conventional navigation systems, the MSA is normally based
on the primary omnidirectional facility on which the
IAP is predicated. For RNAV approaches, the MSA is
based on the runway waypoint (RWY WP) for straightin approaches, or the airport waypoint (APT WP) for
circling approaches. For GPS approaches, the MSA
center will be the Missed Approach Waypoint
(MAWP).
Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA) – Minimum
vectoring altitude charts are developed for areas where
there are numerous minimum vectoring altitudes due to
variable terrain features or man-made obstacles. MVAs
are established for use by ATC when radar ATC is exercised.
Missed Approach Holding Waypoint (MAHWP) –
An approach waypoint sequenced during the holding
portion of the missed approach procedure that is usually a fly-over waypoint, rather than a fly-by waypoint.
Loss of Separation – An occurrence or operation that
results in less than prescribed separation between aircraft, or between an aircraft and a vehicle, pedestrian,
or object.
LPV – See Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidence
Magnetic Variation – The difference in degrees
between the measured values of true north and magnetic north at that location.
Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA) – An MAA is
a published altitude representing the maximum usable
altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route
segment. It is the highest altitude on a Federal airway,
jet route, RNAV low or high route, or other direct route
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(184)
