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includes runway length and width, runway surface,
load bearing capacity, runway slope, airport services,
and hazards such as birds and reduced visibility.
[Figure 2-3] Sketches of airports also are being added
to aid VFR pilots in surface movement activities. In
support of the FAA Runway Incursion Program, fullpage airport diagrams are included in the A/FD. These
charts are the same as those published in the IFR TPP
and are printed for airports with complex runway or
taxiway layouts.
SURFACE MOVEMENT
GUIDANCE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Surface Movement Guidance Control System
(SMGCS) was developed in 1992 to facilitate the safe
movement of aircraft and vehicles at airports where
scheduled air carriers were conducting authorized operations. This program was designed to provide guidelines
for the creation of low visibility taxi plans for all airports with takeoff or landing operations using visibility
Figure 2-2. Airport Diagram for KOSH.
ground accidents that are entirely preventable. If you
encounter unfamiliar markings or lighting, contact
ATC for clarification and, if necessary, request progressive taxi instructions. Pilots are encouraged to notify
the appropriate authorities of erroneous, misleading, or
decaying signs or lighting that would contribute to the
failure of safe ground operations.
RUNWAY INCURSIONS
A runway incursion is any occurrence at an airport
involving aircraft, ground vehicles, people, or objects on
the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in
the loss of separation with an aircraft taking off,
intending to take off, landing, or intending to land.
Primarily, runway incursions are caused by errors
resulting from a misunderstanding of the given clearance, failure to communicate effectively, failure to
navigate the airport correctly, or failure to maintain
positional awareness. Figure 2-5 on page 2-5 highlights several steps that reduce the chances of being
involved in a runway incursion.
In addition to the SMGCS program, the FAA has
implemented additional programs to reduce runway
incursions and other surface movement issues. They
Figure 2-3. Excerpt from Airport/Facility Directory for Oshkosh/Wittman Field.
2-3
Both flight and ground crews are required to comply
with SMGCS plans when implemented at their specific
airport. All airport tenants are responsible for disseminating information to their employees and conducting
training in low visibility operating procedures. Anyone
operating in conjunction with the SMGCS plan must
have a copy of the low visibility taxi route chart for their
given airport as these charts outline the taxi routes and
other detailed information concerning low visibility
operations. These charts are available from private
sources outside of the FAA. Part 91 operators are
expected to comply with the guidelines listed in the AC
to the best of their ability and should expect “Follow
Me” service when low visibility operations are in use.
Any SMGCS outage that would adversely affect operations at the airport is issued as a Notice to Airmen
(NOTAM).
AIRPORT SIGNS, LIGHTING, and MARKING
Flight crews use airport lighting, markings, and signs
to help maintain situational awareness when operating
on the ground and in the air. These visual aids provide
information concerning the aircraft’s location on the
airport, the taxiway in use, and the runway entrance
being used. Overlooking this information can lead to
2-4
identified runway hotspots, designed standardized taxi
routes, and instituted the Runway Safety Program.
RUNWAY HOTSPOTS
Runway hotspots (some FAA Regions refer to them as
high alert areas) are locations on particular airports that
historically have hazardous intersections. These
hotspots are depicted on some airport charts as circled
areas. FAA Regions, such as the Western Pacific, notify
pilots of these areas by Letter to Airmen. The FAA
Office of Runway Safety website (www.faa.gov/runwaysafety) has links to the FAA regions that maintain a
complete list of airports with runway hotspots. Also,
charts provided by private sources show these locations.
Hotspots alert pilots to the fact that there may be a lack
of visibility at certain points or the tower may be unable
to see that particular intersection. Whatever the reason,
pilots need to be aware that these hazardous intersections exist and they should be increasingly vigilant when
approaching and taxiing through these intersections.
STANDARDIZED TAXI ROUTES
Standard taxi routes improve ground management at
high-density airports, namely those that have airline
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