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Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations. Type A terminal
procedures require that the aircraft's track keeping accuracy remain bounded by ±2 NM for 95 percent of the total
flight time. For type A procedure RNAV engagement altitudes, the pilot must be able to engage RNAV equipment
no later than 2,000 feet above airport elevation. For Type
A RNAV DPs, it is recommended that pilots use a
CDI/flight director and/or autopilot in lateral navigation
mode.
Type B procedures generally start with an initial RNAV
leg near the DER. In addition, these procedures require
system performance currently met by GPS or
DME/DME/IRU RNAV systems that satisfy the criteria
discussed in AC 90-100. Type B procedures require the
aircraft's track keeping accuracy remain bounded by ±1
NM for 95 percent of the total flight time. For type B procedures, the pilot must be able to engage RNAV equipment no later than 500 feet above airport elevation. For
Type B RNAV DPs, pilots must use a CDI/flight director
and/or autopilot in lateral navigation mode. For Type A
RNAV DPs and STARs, these procedures are recommended. Other methods providing an equivalent level of
performance may also be acceptable. For Type B RNAV
2-29
DPs, pilots of aircraft without GPS using
DME/DME/IRU must ensure that the aircraft navigation
system position is confirmed, within 1,000 feet, at the
start point of take-off roll. The use of an automatic or
manual runway update is an acceptable means of compliance with this requirement. Other methods providing an
equivalent level of performance may also be acceptable.
For procedures requiring GPS and/or aircraft approvals
requiring GPS, if the navigation system does not automatically alert the flight crew of a loss of GPS, aircraft operators must develop procedures to verify correct GPS
operation. If not equipped with GPS, or for multi-sensor
systems with GPS that do not alert upon loss of GPS, aircraft must be capable of navigation system updating using
DME/DME or DME/DME/IRU for type A and B procedures. AC 90-100 may be used as operational guidance
for RNAV ODPs. Pilots of FMS-equipped aircraft, who
are assigned an RNAV DP procedure and subsequently
receive a change of runway, transition, or procedure, must
verify that the appropriate changes are loaded and available for navigation.
RNAV departure procedures are developed as SIDs and
ODPs—both are charted graphically. An RNAV departure is identifiable by the inclusion of the term RNAV in
the title of the departure. From an RNP standpoint, RNAV
departure routes are designed with a 1 or 2 NM performance standard. This means you as the pilot and your aircraft equipment must be able to maintain the aircraft
within 1 NM or 2 NM either side of route centerline.
[Figure 2-27]
Additionally, new waypoint symbols are used in conjunction with RNAV charts. There are two types of waypoints
currently in use: fly-by (FB) and fly-over (FO). A fly-by
waypoint typically is used in a position at which a change
in the course of procedure occurs. Charts represent them
with four-pointed stars. This type of waypoint is designed
to allow you to anticipate and begin your turn prior to
reaching the waypoint, thus providing smoother transitions. Conversely, RNAV charts show a fly-over waypoint
as a four-pointed star enclosed in a circle. This type of
waypoint is used to denote a missed approach point, a
missed approach holding point, or other specific points in
space that must be flown over. [Figure 2-28 on page 2-30]
RNAV departure procedures are being developed at a
rapid pace to provide RNAV capabilities at all airports.
With every chart revision cycle, new RNAV departures
are being added for small and large airports. These
departures are flown in the same manner as traditional
navigation-based departures; you are provided headings,
altitudes, navigation waypoint, and departure descriptions. RNAV SIDs are found in the TPP with traditional
departure procedures. On the plan view of this procedure, in the lower left corner of the chart, the previous
aircraft equipment suffix code and equipment notes have
been replaced with note 3, the new type code, Type B
RNAV departure procedure. Additionally, ATC has the
aircraft equipment suffix code on file from the flight
plan. [Figure 2-29 on page 2-31]
1.0 NM
1.0 NM
Path Centerline
2.0 NM
2.0 NM
Figure 2-27. RNP Departure Levels.
2-30
RNAV ODPs are always charted graphically, and like
other ODPs, a note in the Takeoff Minimums and IFR
Obstacle Departure Procedures section refers you to the
graphic ODP chart contained in the main body of the TPP.
[Figure 2-30 on page 2-32]
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(54)
