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SURFACE MOVEMENT SAFETY
One of the biggest safety concerns in aviation is the surface movement accident. As a direct result, the FAA has
rapidly expanded the information available to pilots
including the addition of taxiway and runway information in FAA publications, particularly the IFR U.S.
Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) booklets and
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) volumes. The FAA
has also implemented new procedures and created edu-
cational and awareness programs for pilots, air traffic
controllers, and ground operators. By focusing resources
to attack this problem head on, the FAA hopes to reduce
and eventually eliminate surface movement accidents.
AIRPORT SKETCHES AND DIAGRAMS
Airport sketches and airport diagrams provide pilots
of all levels with graphical depictions of the airport
layout. The National Aeronautical Charting Office
(NACO) provides an airport sketch on the lower left or
right portion of every instrument approach chart.
[Figure 2-1] This sketch depicts the runways, their
length, width, and slope, the touchdown zone elevation, the lighting system installed on the end of the
runway, and taxiways.
For select airports, typically those with heavy traffic or
complex runway layouts, NACO also prints an airport
diagram. The diagram is located in the IFR TPP booklet following the
instrument approach
chart for a particular
airport. It is a fullpage depiction of
the airport that
includes the same
features of the airport sketch plus
additional details
such as taxiway
identifiers, airport
latitude and longitude, and building
identification. The
airport diagrams are
also available in the
A/FD and on the
NACO website,
Figure 2-1. Airport Sketch Included on
the KOSH ILS RWY 36 Approach Chart.
minimums less than 1,200 feet RVR. For landing operations, this would be pertinent only to those operators
whose OpsSpecs permit them to land with lower than
standard minimums. For departures, however, since
there are no regulatory takeoff minimums for Title 14
Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Part 91 operators, the SMGCS information is pertinent to all
departing traffic operating in Instrument
Meteorological Conditions (IMC). Advisory Circular
(AC) 120-57A, Surface Movement Guidance and
Control System, outlines the SMGCS program in its
entirety including standards and guidelines for establishment of a low visibility taxi plan.
The SMGCS low visibility taxi plan includes the
improvement of taxiway and runway signs, markings,
and lighting, as well as the creation of SMGCS low visibility taxi route charts. [Figure 2-4 on page 2-4] The
plan also clearly identifies taxi routes and their supporting facilities and equipment. Airport enhancements
that are part of the SMGCS program include (but are
not limited to):
• Stop bars consist of a row of red unidirectional,
in-pavement lights installed along the holding
position marking. When extinguished by the controller, they confirm clearance for the pilot or
vehicle operator to enter the runway. They are
required at intersections of an illuminated taxiway
and active runway for operations less than 600 feet
RVR.
• Taxiway centerline lights, which work in conjunction with stop bars, are green in-pavement
lights that guide ground traffic under low visibility
conditions and during darkness.
• Runway guard lights, either elevated or in-pavement, will be installed at all taxiways that provide
access to an active runway. They consist of alternately flashing yellow lights, used to denote both
the presence of an active runway and identify the
location of a runway holding position marking.
• Geographic position markings, used as hold
points or for position reporting, enable ATC to
verify the position of aircraft and vehicles. These
checkpoints or “pink spots” are outlined with a
black and white circle and designated with a
number, a letter, or both.
• Clearance bars consist of three yellow in-pavement lights used to denote holding positions for
aircraft and vehicles. When used for hold points,
they are co-located with geographic position
markings.
Additional information concerning airport lighting,
markings, and signs can be found in the Aeronautical
Information Manual (AIM), as well as on the FAA’s
website at:
http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation.
2-2
http://naco.faa.gov. by selecting “Online digital - TPP.”
[Figure 2-2]
AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY
The Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), published in
regional booklets by NACO, provides textual information about all airports, both VFR and IFR. The A/FD
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(36)
