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on identifying the potential severity of an incursion and
reducing the likelihood of incursions through training,
technology, communications, procedures, airport
signs/marking/lighting, data analysis, and developing
local solutions. The FAA’s initiatives include:
• Promoting aviation community participation in
runway safety activities and solutions.
• Appointing nine regional Runway Safety Program
Managers.
• Providing training, education, and awareness for
pilots, controllers, and vehicle operators.
• Publishing an advisory circular for airport surface
operations.
• Increasing the visibility of runway hold line markings.
• Reviewing pilot-controller phraseology.
• Providing foreign air carrier pilot training, education, and awareness.
• Requiring all pilot checks, certifications, and flight
reviews to incorporate performance evaluations of
ground operations and test for knowledge.
• Increasing runway incursion action team site visits.
• Deploying high-technology operational systems
such as the Airport Surface Detection Equipment3 (ASDE-3) and Airport Surface Detection
Equipment-X (ASDE-X).
• Evaluating cockpit display avionics to provide
direct warning capability to flight crew(s) of both
large and small aircraft operators.
Statistics compiled for 2004 show that there were 310
runway incursions, down from 332 in 2003. The number
of Category A and Category B runway incursions, in
which there is significant potential for collision,
declined steadily from 2000 through 2003. There were
less than half as many such events in 2003 as in 2000.
The number of Category A incursions, in which separation decreases and participants take extreme action to
narrowly avoid a collision, or in which a collision
occurs, dropped to 10 per year.
SYSTEM CAPACITY
On the user side, there are more than 740,000 active
pilots operating over 319,000 commercial, regional,
general aviation, and military aircraft. This results in
more than 49,500 flights per day. Figure 1-6 depicts over
5,000 aircraft operating at the same time in the U.S.
shown on this Air Traffic Control System Command
Center (ATCSCC) screen.
TAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS
According to the FAA Administrator’s Fact Book for
March 2005, there were 46,873,000 operations at airports with FAA control towers, an average of more than
128,000 aircraft operations per day. These figures do not
include the tens of millions of operations at airports that
do not have a control tower. User demands on the NAS
are quickly exceeding the ability of current resources to
fulfill them. Delays in the NAS for 2004 were slightly
higher than in 2000, with a total of 455,786 delays of at
least 15 minutes in 2004, compared to 450,289 in 2000.
These illustrations of the increasing demands on the
NAS indicate that current FAA modernization efforts
are well justified. Nothing short of the integrated, systematic, cooperative, and comprehensive approach
spelled out by the OEP can bring the NAS to the safety
and efficiency standards that the flying public demands.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
SYSTEM COMMAND CENTER
The task of managing the flow of air traffic within the
NAS is assigned to the Air Traffic Control System
1-7
Command Center (ATCSCC). Headquartered in
Herndon, Virginia, the ATCSCC has been operational
since 1994 and is located in one of the largest and
most sophisticated facilities of its kind. The ATCSCC
regulates air traffic at a national level when weather,
equipment, runway closures, or other conditions place
stress on the NAS. In these instances, traffic management specialists at the ATCSCC take action to modify
traffic demands in order to remain within system capacity.
They accomplish this in cooperation with:
• Airline personnel.
• Traffic management specialists at affected facilities.
• Air traffic controllers at affected facilities.
Efforts of the ATCSCC help minimize delays and congestion and maximize the overall use of the NAS,
thereby ensuring safe and efficient air travel within the
U.S. For example, if severe weather, military operations,
runway closures, special events, or other factors affect
air traffic for a particular region or airport, the ATCSCC
mobilizes its resources and various agency personnel to
analyze, coordinate, and reroute (if necessary) traffic to
foster maximum efficiency and utilization of the NAS.
The ATCSCC directs the operation of the traffic management (TM) system to provide a safe, orderly, and
expeditious flow of traffic while minimizing delays.
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