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increases the likelihood of a successful instrument
approach. Most Part 121, 125, and 135 operators designate specific items to be included in an IAP briefing, as
well as the order in which those items will be briefed.
Before an IAP briefing can begin, flight crews must
decide which procedure is most likely to be flown from
the information that is available to them. Most often,
when the flight is being conducted into an airport that
has ATIS information, the ATIS will provide the pilots
with the approaches that are in use. If more than one
approach is in use, the flight crew may have to make an
educated guess as to which approach will be issued to
them based on the weather, direction of their arrival
into the area, any published airport NOTAMs, and previous experience at the specific airport. If the crew is in
contact with the approach control facility, they can
query ATC as to which approach is to be expected from
the controller. Pilots may request specific approaches
to meet the individual needs of their equipment or
regulatory restrictions at any time and ATC will, in
most cases, be able to accommodate those requests,
providing that workload and traffic permit.
If the flight is operating into an airport without a control tower, the flight crew will occasionally be given the
choice of any available instrument approach at the field.
In these cases, the flight crew must choose an appropriate approach based on the expected weather, aircraft
performance, direction of arrival, airport NOTAMs,
and previous experience at the airport.
NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION RADIOS
Once the anticipated approach and runway have been
selected, each crewmember sets up their “side” of the
cockpit. The pilots use information gathered from
ATIS, dispatch (if available), ATC, the specific
approach chart for the approach selected, and any other
5-27
Figure 5-19. Airport Sketch and Diagram for Chicago-O’Hare International.
5-28
sources that are available. Company regulations dictate
how certain things are set up and others are left up to
pilot technique. In general, the techniques used at a
specific company are similar. This section addresses
two-pilot operations. During single-pilot IFR flights,
the same items must be set up and the pilot should still
do an approach briefing to verify that everything is set
up correctly.
The number of items that can be set up ahead of
time depends on the level of automation of the aircraft and the avionics available. In a conventional
cockpit, the only things that can be set up, in
general, are the airspeed bugs (based on performance
calculations), altimeter bug (to DA, DH, or MDA),
go around thrust/power setting, the radio altimeter
bug (if installed and needed for the approach), and
the navigation/communication radios (if a standby
frequency selector is available). The standby side
of the PF navigation radio should be set to the
primary NAVAID for the approach and the PM
navigation radio standby selector should be set to
any other NAVAIDs that are required or available,
and as dictated by company procedures, to add to
the overall situational awareness of the crew. The
automatic direction finder (ADF) should also be
tuned to an appropriate frequency as required by
the approach, or as selected by the crew.
FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
In addition to the items that are available on a conventional cockpit aircraft, glass-cockpit aircraft, as well as
aircraft with an approved RNAV (GPS) system, usually
give the crew the ability to set the final approach course
for the approach selected and many other options to
increase situational awareness. Crews of FMS
equipped aircraft have many options available as far as
setting up the flight management computer (FMC),
depending on the type of approach and company
procedures. The PF usually programs the FMC for
the approach and the PM verifies the information.
A menu of available approaches is usually available
to select from based on the destination airport
programmed at the beginning of the flight or a
new destination selected while en route.
The amount of information provided for the
approach varies from aircraft to aircraft, but the
crew can make modifications if something is not
pre-programmed into the computer, such as adding
a missed approach procedure or even building an
entire approach for situational awareness purposes
only. The PF can also program a VNAV profile for
the descent and LNAV for segments that were not
programmed during preflight, such as a standard
terminal arrival route (STAR) or expected route to
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(116)
