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at speeds up to the upper limit of the highest Approach
Category authorized by the procedure, but must be
slowed to no more than 90 KIAS at the MAP in order
to apply the visibility reduction.
90 KIAS when on a published route/track.
90 KIAS when on a published route, track, or holding,
70 KIAS when on the final approach or missed
approach segment. Military procedures are limited to
90 KIAS for all segments.
Standard
COPTER ONLY APPROACHES TO AN
AIRPORT OR HELIPORT
Pilots flying Copter standard instrument approach
procedures (SIAPs), other than GPS, may use the published minima with no reductions in visibility
allowed. The maximum airspeed is 90 KIAS on any
segment of the approach or missed approach. Figure
7-9, illustrates a helicopter only ILS runway 32
approach at St. Paul, Minnesota.
Copter ILS approaches to Category (CAT) I facilities
with DAs no lower than a 200-foot HAT provide an
advantage over a conventional ILS of shorter final segments, and lower minimums (based on the 20:1 missed
approach surface). There are also Copter approaches
with minimums as low as 100-foot HAT and 1/4 SM
visibility. Approaches with a HAT below 200 foot are
annotated with the note: “SPECIAL AIRCREW &
AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION REQUIRED” since the
FAA must approve the helicopter and its avionics, and
the flight crew must have the required experience,
training, and checking.
7-10
Figure 7-9. KSTP Copter ILS Rwy 32.
7-11
The ground facilities (approach lighting, signal in
space, hold lines, maintenance, etc.) and air traffic
infrastructure for CAT II ILS approaches are required
to support these procedures. The helicopter must be
equipped with an autopilot, flight director or head up
guidance system, alternate static source (or heated
static source), and radio altimeter. The pilot must have at
least a private pilot helicopter certificate, an instrument
helicopter rating, and a type rating if the helicopter
requires a type rating. Pilot experience requires the
following flight times: 250 PIC, 100 helicopter PIC,
50 night PIC, 75 hours of actual or simulated
instrument flight time, including at least 25 hours
of actual or simulated instrument flight time in a
helicopter or a helicopter flight simulator, and the
appropriate recent experience, training and check.
For “Copter” CAT II ILS operations below 200 feet
HAT, approach deviations are limited to 1/4 scale of the
localizer or glide slope needle. Deviations beyond that
require an immediate missed approach unless the pilot
has at least one of the visual references in sight and otherwise meets the requirements of 14 CFR Part
91.175(c). The reward for this effort is the ability to fly
“Copter” ILS approaches with minima that are sometimes below the airplane CAT II minima. [Figure 7-11
on page 7-12] The procedure to apply for this certification is available from your local Flight Standards
District Office.
COPTER GPS APPROACHES TO AN AIRPORT
OR HELIPORT
Pilots flying Copter GPS or WAAS SIAPs must limit
the speed to 90 KIAS on the initial and intermediate
segment of the approach, and to no more than 70
KIAS on the final and missed approach segments. If
annotated, holding may also be limited to 90 KIAS to
contain the helicopter within the small airspace provided for helicopter holding patterns. During testing
for helicopter holding, the optimum airspeed and leg
length combination was determined to be 90 KIAS
with a 3 NM outbound leg length. Consideration was
given to the wind drift on the dead reckoning entry leg
at slower speeds, the turn radius at faster airspeeds,
and the ability of the helicopter in strong wind conditions to intercept the
inbound course prior to the
holding fix. The published
minimums are to be used with
no visibility reductions
allowed. Figure 7-12 on page
7-13 is an example of a
Copter GPS PinS approach
that allows the helicopter to
fly VFR from the MAP to the
heliport.
The final and missed approach
protected airspace providing
obstacle and terrain avoidance
is based on 70 KIAS, with a
maximum 10-knot tailwind component. It is absolutely
essential that pilots adhere to the 70 KIAS limitation in
procedures that include an immediate climbing and
turning missed approach. Exceeding the airspeed
restriction increases the turning radius significantly,
and can cause the helicopter to leave the missed
approach protected airspace. This may result in controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) or obstacles.
If a helicopter has a V MINI greater than 70 knots, then it
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册下(156)
