Flight Crew Training Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) and Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)(4)

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3.3  Given the contemporary emphasis upon the social sciences within Human Factors, it should be remembered that medicine and physiology are among the many other important sources of Human Factors knowledge. Thus, for example, anthropometry and biomechanics - involving measurements and movements of the human body - are relevant to the design of the workplace and to the equipment therein; similarly, biology and its subdiscipline, chronobiology, are necessary for an understanding of those bodily rhythms which influence human performance.
3.4  In spite of the academic sources of information on the various Human Factors disciplines, aviation Human Factors is primarily oriented towards solving practical problems in the real world. As a concept, its relationship with the human sciences might well be likened to that between engineering and the physical sciences. And just as technology links the physical sciences to various engineering applications, there are also a growing number of integrated Human Factors techniques or methods; these varied and developing techniques can be applied to problems as diverse as accident investigation and the optimization of pilot training.

4  Accidents and Incidents
4.1  Human error is, by far, the most pervasive cause of accidents and incidents in technologically complex systems such as air transportation. One major data base of world-wide jet transport accidents indicates that 65 per cent of all such accidents have been attributed to flight crew error. It also indicates that for the approach and landing phase of flight, which accounts for 4 per cent of total flight exposure time and 49 per cent of all accidents, flight crew error is cited in 80 per cent as a causal factor.
4.2  Other sources of human error, including maintenance, dispatch, and, importantly, air traffic control, account for another significant proportion of such accidents. Such studies indicate that between 80 and 90 per cent of all aviation accidents are attributable to human error in one form or another.
4.3  In the tragic terms of loss of human life, these accidents have been responsible for many deaths. It must also be kept in mind that commercial jet transport accidents are only the tip of the iceberg; general aviation alone in one major aviation State suffers nearly 3000 accidents and 1000 fatalities each year. Studies have shown that human performance is involved as a cause in nearly 90 per cent of these accidents. It is abundantly clear from such data that human performance is the critical and enduring issue facing those who have responsibility for the design, operation and supervision of our aviation system. The development of solutions to these long-standing and perplexing Human Factors problems is therefore essential.

5  Human Error
5.1  It is most important that all concerned with the operation and administration of the aviation system recognize the inevitability of human error. No person, whether designer, engineer, manager, controller or pilot, can perform perfectly at all times. Also, what could be considered perfect performance in one set of circumstances might well be unacceptable in another. Thus, people need to be seen as they really are; to wish that they be instrinsically "better" or "different" is futile, unless such a wish is backed by a recommendation for remedial action. Such a recommendation can be further supplemented by the provision of means to achieve better design, training, education, experience, motivation, etc., with the objective of positively influencing relevant aspects of human performance.
　
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