Flight Crew Training Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) and Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)(27)

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Over the course of the last four months we have developed several administrative adjuncts to this programme development. First, in November 1987, we created a video to be shown in 1988 recurrent training which briefly described CRM and the fact that we would have CRM training in place in 1989. In addition to this, we established a plan to disseminate information over the year 1988 in an effort to promote the training. To aid us in understanding where we should concentrate our efforts in training, we are setting up an information-gathering device by way of our line check and simulator check airmen. Another part of gathering information was accomplished by way of a pilot survey distributed in March of 1988. The purpose of this survey was to provide data on pilots' attitudes to help in tailoring the programme content, and to allow us to compare our pre- training position to our post-training feelings when the same survey will be distributed in 1990. Hopefully, at that point we will see the justification of our labours.
Though statistical justification may be hard to obtain, the experts widely agree that training in the area of cockpit resource management is targeting the primary causal factor in aviation accidents and incidents: "pilot error". Obviously, we on this Steering Committee agree with this theory. The main point we want to emphasize is that although we are attempting to change the attitudes of the individual, it is the "team" as a whole which needs to be strengthened. Therefore, our concentrated effort over 1988 as we prepare our CRM training programme will be to deeply embed this philosophy through the entire spectrum of our programme.

KLM - Royal Dutch Airlines
This airline has long been in the forefront of LOFT and CRM training in Europe. Its Human Factors Awareness Course for aircrew constituted one of the earliest airline human factors courses. KLM provided a brief and a long version of its programme. The brief version follows.
Management considerations
From the start of the use of flight simulators instead of link trainers KLM has been convinced that this not only meant simulation of the aircraft as such, but also simulation of the circumstances of a flight. In other words, almost right from the beginning, in fact, well before the name was invented, KLM has adopted LOFT for its type recurrent training. About seven years ago LOFT was also introduced during type qualification training.

Benefits
It goes without saying that in respect of benefits from LOFT and CRM no hard figures are available. However, we think KLM's performance reflects a high quality, which is undoubtedly a result of LOFT and CRM.

Methods
LOFT and CRM are incorporated in type recurrent and type qualification training in such a way that the instructor will as little as possible interfere during the simulator session. During the (thorough) debriefing especially, the aspect of crew management is reviewed, for the two-man crew aircraft with the help of a video recording of the session. Furthermore, a special crew management course/workshop is scheduled for each pilot, in principle before his upgrading to captain.
　
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