Flight Crew Training Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) and Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)(2)

Contents

List of Effective Pages iii
CAA Foreword vi
ICAO Foreword vii
Chapter 1 Human Factors Highlights
General 1 Overview 1 Disciplines and Applications 1 Accidents and Incidents 2 Human Error 2
Chapter 2 Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) Training
Background 1 CRM Training Phases 3 Curriculum Development 4 Essential Curriculum Elements 5 Training Techniques 10 CRM Effectiveness 15
Chapter 3 CRM Training for Small Operators (Regional, Corporate, etc.)
Introduction 1 CRM Training Steps for Small Operators 2
Chapter 4 CRM - The Operator Experience
Introduction 1 Alaska Airlines 1 All Nippon Airways 3 American Airlines 5 Delta Airlines 8 KLM - Royal Dutch Airlines 11 Qantas Airways 12
Chapter 5 Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)
Introduction 1 Development of Scenario Designs 2 Performance Evaluation and Assessment 4 Co-ordination Training and Qualifications 5

Appendix A LOFT Scenario Examples
Introduction 1 Notes 1

CAA Foreword
This document was originally produced in 1989 and has been reprinted as per the original, with no updates.
Readers should be aware that CRM (now referred to as Crew Resource Management) has developed since 1989, therefore some of the information in this document may be a little out of date. However the majority of the fundamental principles behind CRM still remain unchanged.

ICAO Foreword
1.1  Flight safety is one of the major objectives of the International Civil Aviation Organization. Considerable progress has been made but additional improvements are needed and can be achieved. It has long been known that some three out of four accidents result from less than optimum human performance and this indicates that any advance in this field will have a significant impact on the improvement of flight safety.
1.2  This was recognized by the ICAO Assembly which adopted in 1986 Resolution A26-9 on Flight Safety and Human Factors. As a follow-up to the Assembly Resolution, the Air Navigation Commission formulated the following objective for the task:
"To improve safety in aviation by making States more aware and responsive to the importance of human factors in civil aviation operations through the provision of practical human factors material and measures developed on the basis of experience in States."
1.3  One of the methods chosen to implement Assembly Resolution A26-9 is the publication of a series of Digests which will address various aspects of Human Factors technology and their impact on flight safety. Digest No. 1 (published as CAP 719) concerns fundamental Human Factors concepts and provides an overview of the various components which constitute the technology of Human Factors; it is intended primarily for use by States, to increase their awareness of the influence of Human Factors in flight safety and assist them in determining general solutions to Human Factors problems; it can also be used as supporting material for educational programmes on Human Factors conducted by States, aircraft operators, etc.
　
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