Flight Crew Training Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) and Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)(36)

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k) developing techniques and procedures;
l) developing take-off and landing skills;
m)accident and incident scenario reviews;
n) engine-out ferry training and qualifications;
o) pre-mission reviews for special operations; and
p) special handling training, such as high altitude stalls.

 

Appendix A LOFT Scenario Examples
1  Introduction
This appendix presents an example of how one airline views the conduct of LOFT, including written communications to all concerned and flight scenarios. This documentation was provided by the International Air Transport Association, courtesy of Pan American World Airways.

2  Notes
2.1  The scenarios comprise three versions of an A-310 flight from Washington Dulles International Airport to New York JFK International Airport.
2.2  There are subtle differences in the three scenarios when combined with the LOFT problem menu. The normal routing scenario is indicated by the code at the bottom of the page, LFT31011. The reroute scenario is annotated LRR31011. The turnback scenario is LTB31011. The 11 after the 310 is an indication of winter weather conditions.
2.3  The operator's "LOFT Problem Menu" for the A-310 aircraft, referred to in the scenarios, is described in the last two pages of the appendix.
October 5, 1988

Note to:  All Training Captains All Check Flight Engineer Officers All Flight Engineer Instructors All Operations Training Instructors 
From:  Senior Training Captain - Standards 
Subject:  The conduct of LOFT 

It seems to have been only yesterday, but it has been a year since we first started annual training. Airmen will start returning for their annual training in October. Our work-load will increase noticeably and you will find yourself doing LOFT/PT periods where you may not have been for some time. The purpose of this letter is to discuss with you some thoughts and ideas as this annual training phase is about to begin.
It is becoming more and more obvious that flight safety is directly related not only to the technical and procedural aspects of what we do, but to the way we interact with others; in getting what we do safely accomplished. [Over the last decade, an increasing amount of evidence has accumulated suggesting that between 60 and 80 per cent of air carrier incidents and accidents have been caused, at least in part, by a failure of the flight crew to make use of readily available resources.]1
With this in mind, let's review what LOFT is - what it is all about. Simply put, LOFT is Line-Oriented Flight Training. It is a simulator training period. But it is more than that. It is an opportunity for the crew and the instructor to evaluate how well the crew performed from a FORM (Flight Operations Resource Management) perspective.
LOFT is an opportunity for airmen to take a look at themselves through the eyes of others. The tools used are a video camera, fellow crewmembers, and a facilitator. The objective is to review how well each individual performed the various flight manoeuvers from a human factors point of view. How well were resources managed and utilized? Did the crew work together to solve the problems, or were one or more crewmembers excluded? Could the result have been better with team participation? It is a chance for self-evaluation. But even more importantly, it is an opportunity for the crew to critique how well they did as a unit. Could one member of the crew have done something else or more to enhance the crew's performance? If so, how could it have been made to happen? Could the atmosphere have been better - or could that person have been more assertive?
　
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