Flight Crew Training Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) and Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)(12)

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iii) polite assertiveness
iv) participation
v) listening
vi) feedback
vii) legitimate avenues of dissent;
b) Situation awareness
i) total awareness of surrounding environment
ii) reality versus perception of reality
iii) fixation/distraction
iv) monitoring (constant, regular)
v) incapacitation: partial/total, physical/mental, overt and subtle;
c) Problem-solving/decision-making/judgement
i) conflict management
ii) review (immediate, ongoing);
d) Leadership/"followership"
i) team-building
ii) managerial and supervisory skills: plan, organize, direct, control
iii) authority
iv) assertiveness
v) barriers
vi) cultural influence
vii)roles
viii)professionalism
ix) credibility
x) responsibility of all crew members
xi) time/workload management;
e) Stress management
i) fitness to fly: mental and physical
ii) fatigue
iii) incapacitation in varying degrees; and
f) Critique (three basic types)
i) pre-mission analysis and planning

ii) on-going review
iii) post-mission.

4.4  Communication/interpersonal skills. Specific skills associated with good communication practices include such items as polite assertiveness and participation, active listening and feedback. In order to improve the communication channel, cultural influences must be taken into account as well as factors such as rank, age, and crew position, all of which can create barriers to communication in the cockpit situation. Polite assertiveness is a skill frequently ignored in communications training but vital to a healthy cockpit. A pilot-in- command may be open to communication but temporarily unable to receive and comprehend. Other crew members must be aware of the importance of the information they hold and have a strong feeling of self-value; a single hesitant attempt to communicate important data constitutes a failure to discharge individual responsibility. Pilots-in-command must constantly strive to emphasize this responsibility in their team-building efforts. The concept of "legitimate avenue of dissent" is an important vehicle for "clearing the air", maintaining lines of communication, and maintaining self-image.
4.5  Situation awareness. Situation awareness refers to one's ability to accurately perceive what is going on in the cockpit and outside the aircraft. It further extends to the planning of several solutions for any emergency situation which could occur in the immediate future. Maintaining a state of awareness of one's situation is a complex process, greatly motivated by the understanding that one's perception of reality sometimes differs from reality itself. This awareness promotes on-going questioning, cross-checking, and refinement of one's perception. Constant, conscious monitoring of the situation is required. Note that the situation referred to here includes the human environment. The evaluation of oneself and others for partial or total incapacitation is vital but often overlooked.
　
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