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Enroute Holding Patterns and Delay Vectors
RC features Holding Pattern/Delay Vectors in both enroute and as options after Missed Approach. This section covers enroute only. Both pilots and controllers dislike delays. In a perfect world there would be none. Unforeseen traffic saturation and weather can wreak havoc on the ATC system. There will come a time when you will have to accept delay vectors or holding instructions, just as the real-world pro‟s do. RC will let you choose whether you will be held always, or never held, or held based on weather. The chances for being held for weather are as follows:
Radar Contact ATC Basics
Version 4 December 2, 2007
Copyright JDT LLC 2005 Page 51
If 10 or more rwys (5 pavement or greater): 35% hold – 65% no hold = Visibility 3m or less, and ceiling 400ft or less 20% hold – 80% no hold = Visibility 3m or less, or ceiling 400ft or less 5% hold – 95% no hold = Visibility > than 3m, and ceiling > than 400ft If 6 or 8 rwys (3 or 4 pavement): 35% hold – 65% no hold = Visibility 2m or less, and ceiling 400ft or less 20% hold – 80% no hold = Visibility 2m or less, or ceiling 400ft or less 5% hold – 95% no hold = Visibility > than 2m, and ceiling > than 400ft If 4 or fewer rwys (1 or 2 pavement): 35% hold – 65% no hold = Visibility 1m or less, and ceiling 400ft or less 20% hold – 80% no hold = Visibility 1m or less, or ceiling 400ft or less 5% hold – 95% no hold = Visibility > than 1m, and ceiling > than 400ft Normally the controller will give you the option of taking the delay using holding patterns or delay vectors. If you prefer holding instructions choose „Holding Pattern‟ on the Pilot's Menu. If you are in the mood to allow the controller to fly your airplane for the duration of the delay, choose „Delay Vectors‟. IMPORTANT NOTE – If your co-pilot has the aircraft controls, Delay Vectors will be mandated by the controller, regardless of who has the aircraft comms.
Delay Vectors
The controller will assign an altitude and various headings, keeping you reasonably close to the Arrival Gate. It might be a good time for that cup of coffee, but be sure to listen up. Missed clearances result in many problems, and the controller will not allow another aircraft to be inconvenienced or lose his slot because the pilot is sightseeing.
Holding Pattern
What follows is for those pilots who do not know how to fly a standard holding pattern or have never heard holding instructions. It is very detailed. Read carefully. By choosing holding instructions you are telling the controller that you know what you are expected to do. After being issued these instructions you will not hear from Center again except for traffic calls, to issue a revised Expect Further Clearance (EFC) time, or until it‟s time to go in. IMPORTANT NOTE - You must always retain the aircraft controls during a holding pattern (as opposed to delay vectors). Do not give the aircraft controls to your co-pilot anytime while in a holding pattern When you hear "I have got holding instructions, advise when ready to copy", get ready to write. There are five specific items to listen for.
Radial and DME fix (your new clearance limit)
Direction of turn
Leg length
Altitude assignment
EFC time
Radar Contact ATC Basics
Version 4 December 2, 2007
Copyright JDT LLC 2005 Page 52
Most likely you will be in your descent while being issued the holding instructions. It seems necessary to do two or three things at once:
Fly your aircraft
Copy the instructions
Verify your position with respect to your new clearance limit
Keep in mind how easy it is to overlook your assigned altitude through all this. Make it a priority to enter the assigned altitude in the AP window when issued. A sub-menu appears when you choose Holding Pattern, containing your choice of leg lengths. Choose from 5 mile, 10 mile, 15 mile, or 20 mile legs. You are all set. Assume your destination is Memphis, TN (KMEM) and your general direction is from the northeast. You are heading 235° inbound on the MEM 055° radial. Remember, radials "radiate from" VORTACs. A three six zero degree radial radiates north. A zero seven five-degree radial radiates east-north-east. A two two five degree radial radiates directly south-west, and so on. For simplicity we will assume no-wind conditions and no magnetic variation. Typical holding instructions might go like this: "Delta 432, cleared to the Memphis zero five five radial, four zero mile fix, hold northeast. Right turns, two zero mile legs approved. Maintain one four thousand, expect further clearance one four two five". In this case the MEM 055°/40mi is your "Clearance Limit". A Clearance Limit is a definite point along your filed route of flight that you may not progress beyond without an additional clearance from ATC. Your holding "dot in the sky" is the MEM 055°/40mi fix. The controller will assign you to hold on whatever radial you are inbound on, rounded to the closest 5° increment. In other words, if you are inbound on the 053° radial (heading 233°), controller will hold you on the 055° radial at the four zero mile fix. Generally you will not have to turn more than 15° -20° to intercept the appropriate radial. You want to be established on the radial before reaching the forty-mile fix. Do not become so preoccupied with the radial/DME fix with respect to your current position that you bust your assigned altitude. Established inbound on the MEM 055° radial (heading 235°), begin a standard rate right turn at the forty mile DME fix, your clearance limit. In other words, when you are 40 miles out, it is time to turn outbound. Roll out on the heading, which is reciprocal of the inbound heading given no wind conditions. In this case your outbound heading would be 055°. You are heading away from the airport area, now parallel to the inbound radial, which should be a few miles off your right wing. (Some might say "It's not possible to not go beyond the MEM 055°/40mi by beginning your turn at the 40-mile DME fix." Centers and Terminals have agreed upon "Protected Airspace" in the LOAs whereby they expect and allow for "overshoot". Again, this is the controller‟s problem, not yours. Begin your turns at the radial/DME fix and we will all be happy).
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