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acceptability of iterative design in industry.
The manual language allows arbitrary propositional
statements using Boolean connectives and other operators,
such as [e] which is true iff e is a contingency. An
example statement is: "Normal without A/S" = Normal
& ¬Antiskid
Explanations are generated in several ways. For example, ?
generates a tabular explanation, as illustrated below.
The explanation operators are not just print statements—
they are more sophisticated. Explaining Normal without
A/S means explaining Normal, which itself needs
explaining, involving further terms such as “…and not
BSCU failure…” The full explanation has to be minimised,
and we use the Quine-McCluskey Algorithm to do so [6].
Certain terms are rewritten, so we can explain ¬(failure1
or failure2…) as “All systems OK.” Similarly, the
engineers may wish to write in terms of Y or G (as in the
FCOM extract above!) but the user may prefer to read
clearer text. Designers require various checks, for instance
that all states of the device are covered by the manual; such
checks can now be made part of the manual.
Given that the approach is so simple to implement, one
wonders why similar methods are not yet available to
system designers to improve their effectiveness in
collaboration with user interface experts. Though the
arguments for the approach seem overwhelming in safetycritical
applications like the FCOM, the approach can also
increase quality in everyday devices such as consumer
electronics (cf, [9]).
Acknowledgements
Peter Ladkin contributed enormously to the approach
taken.
This paper does not have space to show how rewrite rules REFERENCES
and tables are used to clarify factorisable expressions of the
form A(B+C), etc. These simplifications also require
computer support to be done correctly and well.
1. J. André, “Can structured formatters prevent train
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EXAMPLE: AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED MANUAL 2. J. M. Carroll, The Nurnberg Funnel: Designing
Minimalist Instruction for Practical Computer Skill, MIT
Press, 1990.
ALTERNATE BRAKING WITHOUT ANTI-SKID
Alternate braking without anti-skid mode is
achieved when: 3. P. B. Ladkin, “Analysis of a technical description of the
Airbus A320 Braking System,” High Integrity Systems, in
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A/SKID switch set OFF and
N/W STRG switch set OFF
or BSCU failure
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or power supply failure
or both green and yellow hydraulic pressure
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A table is used to unambiguously and clearly present the
logical expression (other forms are possible). Some text in
the original has been moved to reduce clutter, but is still
accessible via hypertext linking, e.g., every mention of
BSCU is linked to its explanation, “The double channel
Brake Steering Contol … has modes operative or
failure.”
6. W. V. Quine, “A way to simplify truth functions,”
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8. H. Thimbleby & M. Addison, “Intelligent adaptive
assistance and its automatic generation,” Interacting with
Computers, in press.
As described here, there is no scope for fresh editorial
contributions from technical authors. If a phrase generated
by the process can be improved, once it is, the link from the
specification is lost, and with that, all guarantees that it was
correct. This problem has been solved elsewhere [9].
9. H. Thimbleby & P. B. Ladkin, “A Proper Explanation
When You Need One,” in M. A. R. Kirby, A. J. Dix & J. E.
Finlay (eds), Proceedings BCS Conference HCI’95,
X:107–118, 1995.
The Quine-McCluskey Algorithm finds use in simplifying
digital circuits. As well as being minimal (hence fast and
cheap), logic is usually designed to eliminate race
conditions and other problems. Race conditions occur in
user manuals: e.g., “Insert the plug and take care to switch
off first”—the user may insert the plug without first
Documentation Integrity for Safety-Critical Applications:
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