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The IDENT should only be sent when requested by the controller.
Controllers may use the following terminology when referring to transponder operation
· SQUAWK (number) - set the 4 digit code into the transponder. Example: Squawk 4316.
· IDENT - depress the IDENT Button
· Squawk (number) and IDENT - set code into the transponder dials, then IDENT.
· SQUAWK STANDBY - Switch function switch to STY
· SQUAWK ALTITUDE - Switch to ALT position
· STOP ALTITUDE SQUAWK - Switch from ALT to ON
· SQUAWK MAYDAY - select code 7700
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· STOP SQUAWK - turn transponder off
· SQUAWK VFR - select code 1200 when operating without ATC contact. 1200 is known as the VFR
squawk code.
Radar Assistance to Lost Aircraft
Never hesitate to contact radar services when in serious doubt of your location, are encountering poor
weather, or are in need of other assistance. When flying cross untry, it is good practice to keep track of,
or know where to find, the various approach control services available along your route. This should be a
part of your flight planning. Even the Air Traffic Control Centers (ARTC) which normally handle
enroute IFR flight will render assistance to lost aircraft.
If radar frequencies are not readily available, contact the nearest Tower or FSS, and provide then with the
best location data you can. They will coordinate with, or refer you to the nearest radar facility. Usually an
emergency situation can be avoided by requesting assistance as soon as you are not sure of your position.
ATC can give you radar vectors to your destination or suitable alternate airport.
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
Emergency locator Transmitters have been developed to transmit a locating signal in the event of
significant impact. They are battery powered, and self contained. When activated by impact, they
transmit a homing signal on 121.5 and 243.9 Mhz. This signal provides homing for search and rescue
equipment.
The power source must be capable of sustaining the signal for 48 hours.
The ELT is equipped with a gravity activated switch, which automatically activated the ELT upon
significant impact.
They generally have 3 switch positions:
· ON - causes a continuous broadcast of the signal on 121.5 and 243.0 MHz. This position is used for test
purposes.
· OFF - no broadcast is possible
· ARMED - means the gravity switch can be activated in the event of sufficient impact.
DO NOT INADVERTENTLY ACTIVATE THE ELT WHILE ON THE GROUND. THIS
COULD CAUSE AN UNNECESSARY EXPENSIVE SEARCH.
Aerobatics, or hard landing have been known to set off an ELT. A good check for a false ELT signal is to
turn a radio receiver to 121.5 MHz prior to engine shut-down. If the ELT has been triggered, you will
hear a steady signal on this frequency. Corrective action should be taken.
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ELT’s should be tested in accordance to manufacturers instructions. Testing should preferably be done in
a shielded room. Tests should be conducted only during the first 5 minutes after the hour. If a test is to be
made at any other time, it should be coordinated with the Control Tower or FSS.
ELT batteries must be replaced or recharged:
· If the battery has been used more than one hour cumulative.
· When 50% of the useful life of the battery has expired.
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Radio Communication
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Principles of Weather
Principles of Weather
Weather for Pilots USA Today Pilots Information.
How The Weather Works Good classroom on weather.
Index of Weather Subjects USA Today General Weather Info.
Pressure Systems Explanation of Atmospheric Pressure.
The Atmosphere A guide to the atmosphere.
A Guide to Sattelite Images...Interpreting Sattelite Images
Back to Home Back to Table of Conents To Weather Reports
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Engine and Systems
Weather Reports and Services
The U.S. Weather Service provides numerous weather forecasts, reports and warnings significant to
aviation operations. These are generally of the following categories.
Aviation Forecasts and Reports
Weather Pictorials Sattelite and Radar Images
Forecasts Area, Terminal (TAF) and Winds Aloft Forecasts
Current reports Hourly Terminal Weather Reports (METAR)
Warnings PIREPS, SIGMETS, AIRMETS
l Weather Pictorials include Radar Images and Sattelite Images. This allows the pilot to "get the big
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